11. Psychiatric co-morbidity
24% non substance Axis I disorders
35% Axis II disorders
47% overall non substance illness
MC- Mood disorders, Antisocial PD, Anxiety
Females- BPD, Depression
12. Medical disorders
CVS effects
TB
HIV/AIDS
Liver disease
Immune system
13. Special population
Criminal patients
Pregnant mothers
Neonatal Narcotic Abstinence Syndrome
Hyper excitable CNS
GIT
Respiratory system
ANS
14. Terms
Misuse- incorrect use of a medication
• Amount, Longer time and frequency
Abuse- maladaptive pattern of use leading
to clinical distress or impairment
• Harmful use in ICD-10
Addiction- chronic neurobiologic disease
with various factors
Dependence- set of behaviors, a
neurobiological adaptation
Pseudo addiction- iatrogenically produced
in pain patients
18. Drugs
Methadone
Full µ agonist
Very high lipid solubility
Half life - 15 to 60 hours
Methadone clinic
Clonidine
α- 2 agonist
reduces nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and
sweating
Not helpful in insomnia, opioid craving
19. Buprenorphine
Partial agonist at mu and kappa receptors- Ceiling effect
Poor oral availability- sublingual administration
Buprenorphine: Naloxone = 4:1
Less abuse potential
Office based maintenance
LAAM (l-Alpha Acetyl Methadol)
Opioid antagonists- Naltrexone, Nalmefene
20. Withdrawal
• Dysphoria, nausea & vomiting, lacrimation & rhinorrhoea, Pupillary
dilatation, piloerection, sweating, diarrhea, yawning, fever and insomnia,
cold turkey, aches-kick the habit
Features • Depends upon the half life of the drug
• OWS, SOWS, COWS
Measurement
• Opioid agonists, Non-opioids
• Rapid and Ultra rapid Detoxification, in physician office,
Detoxification