Here i would like to inform you on the global scenario on whitefly management i hope it will increase your understanding of the management of the whiteflies,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1. WELCOME
SSNAIK
TNAU

2. TERM PAPER PRESENTATION
ON
GLOBAL SCENARIOGLOBAL SCENARIO
ON IPM OF WHITE FLYON IPM OF WHITE FLY
ENT 801
ADVANCES IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
CPPS,TNAU,
COIMBATORE-641 003
NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIK
ID. NO: 2015800506
YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)
DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

3. Introduction
Common white fly species
Distribution
Host range
Global Integrated pest management
Conclusion
Bionomics of whitefly
Nature & Symptoms of damage
PART I
PART II
PART III
INDEX

4. INTRODUCTIO
N
PART I

5. Introd….
White gold
White fly
Can you believe ?
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers'_suicides_in_India)

6. Introduction
(The Hindu,October 18,2015)

7. Introduction…

8. Whitefly
 Agriculturally unimportant pest before 3 decades
 It occupied its devastate form in early 1980s causing damaging in melons,
vegetables and cotton crops in different countries
 The actual biotypes unknown but at least 16 numbers identified.
Taxonomic position
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hemiptera
Family : Aleyrodidae
Genus : Bemisia
Species : tabaci
1550 species recorded
1.Intr…
Name White wax coated on the body -Tiny moth

9. 1) Greenhouse whitefly - Trialeurodes vaporariorum
2) Silverleaf whitefly - Bemisia argentifolii
3) Sweet potato whitefly - Bemisia tabaci
4) Bandedwing whitefly - Trialeurodes abutilonea
5) Spiralling white fly - Aleurodicus dispersus
Common whitefly species1. Intr…
 Among the 1550 species common whitefly species

10. 1. Distribution
2. Host range
3. Life cycle of white fly
4. Nature & Symptoms of damage
5. Global Integrated Pest Management
PART II

11. North America
South America
Africa
Asia
Australia
Whitefly infesting areas in the world
Distribution1. Intr…

12. Mexico, 1962
Brazil, 1968
Turkey 1964
Israel, 1976
Thailand,1978
Philippines,2000
Indonesia, 1980
Arizona,1981
California,1986

13. Host range
More than 500 host plant species belonging to more than 60 plant families

14. LIFE CYCLE OF WHITE FLY
6 life stages
15-70 days
Pear shaped mesophyll or inner tissue
Stalk like process
3 flight mechanisms

15.  Under surface of the leaves
 Both nymphs and adults
 Needle like mouthparts - vascular tissue / phloem
 Suck the plant sap.
 3 types of damage: direct, indirect and virus vector
NATURE & SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
White fly adults White fly nymphs

16. GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY
1.REGULATORY METHODS
2.CULTURAL PRACTICES
3.HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE
4.BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
5.CHEMICAL CONTROL

17. REGULATORY
METHODS
GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY

18. Approximately 600 ha of unauthorized crops and volunteer plants were eradicated
every year during the implementation phase of these regulatory measures
Sorghum was promoted as a rotational crop during
summer
Most dramatic incidence tomato industry in the Azua valley in Dominican Republic
B. tabaci first invaded this area in 1988
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was found in 1992
The industry was devastated, with harvested hectares dropping from 8805 in
1989 to 3729 in 1993, and yield decreasing from 21.6 to 11.3 t/ha
Importation of tomato paste, which also peaked in 1993
“Banned cultivation of whitefly reproductive hosts 90 days before main growing
Season”

19. CULTURAL
METHODS
GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY

20. CULTURAL METHODS
Avoidance in time
1. Crop-free periods
2. Crop residue disposal
3. Planting dates
4. Weed removal
Avoidance in space
Behavioural manipulation
1. Exclusion
2. Barriers
3. High planting density
1. Intercropping
2. Mulches

21. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME - CROP FREE PERIOD
 Gap in production can reduce the overall population levels of the
vector and reduce the amount of virus inoculum in the area
 Can reduce mass migrations of insects directly from one crop to
another.
 “Dead season” first crop free period in Sudan in 1920 against
the “cotton leaf curl virus”
 Tobacco leaf curl virus in south central Africa
 Arava region of Israel, the common practice was to cultivate crops
from August to March, leaving a four-month crop-free period

22. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME - CROP RESIDUE DISPOSAL
 Creation of a crop-free period requires removal of crop residues
 The proportion of viruliferous whiteflies coming off virus-infected
crop residues is liable to be high
 Tomato yellow mottle (ToYMoV) disease in new fields located near
old and totally infected fields (as close as 300m away) in Costa
Rica is likely a result of very high numbers of incoming viruliferous
whiteflies
(Hilje et al. 2001)

23. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME – PLANTING DATES
• Even if an area wide crop-free period is not adopted some amount of
vector and virus inoculum can often be avoided by planting early or late
 Eggplant in India (Borah, 1994)
 Okra in Mexico (Diaz-Franco and Obregion, 1997)
 Tomato in Egypt (ElGendi et al., 1997)
 Cotton in northern Mexico (Hernandez and Pacheco, 1998)
 Bean in Egypt (Metwally, 1999)
 Tobacco in India (Patel and Patel, 1966)
 Cantaloupe in California (Chu et al.,1995)

24. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME – WEED REMOVAL
 Removal of weeds from cropping areas can help reduce the availability of
alternate hosts for the vector and viral inoculum
 Weeds may play an important role in maintaining sources of virus inoculum
 Jordan Valley of Israel found weed species that were identified as sources of
TYLCV inoculum
 Cynanchum acutum (Asclepiadaceae) serves as an overwintering host of
the virus, and provides a source of inoculum to whiteflies migrating in late
summer
 It was suggested that eradicating C. acutum in June–July before peak
migration may control the spread of TYLCV in this area

25. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN SPACE – EXCLUSION
 Enclosed greenhouse or under an insect proof structure
 In Israel all tomatoes are grown inside enclosed structures constructed of
solid plastic and/or fine screening to escape the pressure of TYLCV
 Ultraviolet-absorbing additive that blocks a greater portion of the ultraviolet
light spectrum maintaining high transmission of visible light more reduction in
the population
 Seedlings or cuttings-covered structures with spun-bonded polyester
 Row covers have been successfully used in cucurbits, bell pepper, and
tomato plantings to decrease whitefly population levels

26. CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN SPACE – HPD
 For a fixed number of vectors a more number of host plants leads to less
infestation
 Greater number of plants escape infection and potentially produce a higher
total yield
 Bell pepper and tomato escaped whitefly infestation in Mexico and
Honduras
 Cassava the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) reduced in
Africa
 Silver leaf symptoms reduced due to high planting in squash
 Use of living mulches that increase total plant density per unit area reduced
symptoms of squash silver leaf in zucchini, but did not increase yield

27. CULTURAL METHODS – BEHAVIOURAL MANIPULATION-
INTERCROPPING
 Cucumber along with tomato in 1:1 ratio reduced the white fly
population it is not host TLCV in Sudan and middle east countries.
 Tomato to tomato less incidence compared to the tomato after
the egg plant in Florida
 Maize, cowpea or peanut with cassava
 Green beans, squash, wild plants, or eggplant with tomato
 Weed Physalis wrightii or melon with cotton
 Cauliflower with melon
 Squash with snap beans
 Eggplant with common beans

28. CULTURAL METHODS – BEHAVIOURAL MANIPULATION-
MULCHES
 To reduce the insect’s ability to find the crop
 Plastics, sawdust, straw and rice husk mulches, has been
attributed to interference with visual host-finding or suicidal
attraction to the sun-heated mulch
 Tomato mottle virus in Florida and TYLCV in tomato in Jordan
reduced using aluminum or silver reflective mulches
 Coloured or reflective mulches are most effective early in the crop
cycle, before the developing plant canopy covers the mulch.

29. HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE
GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY

32. BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY

33. 1.Predators

34. 2. Parasitoids

35. 3. Entomopathogenic fungi

36.  Encarsia noyesi parasitized II III and IV instar nymphs of rugose spiralling
whitefly
 Evidence suggests E. noyesi is a solitary, arrhenotokous, autoparasitoid
 Parasitism reduced whitefly survival to adult from 55% to less than 10%
 Parasitism reduced whitefly reproduction by anywhere from 89% to 98%
 Encarsia noyesi appears to have great potential for biocontrol of this whitefly
pest

38. CHEMICAL METHOD
GLOBAL IPMPRACTICES
AGAINST WHITE FLY

42. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLY IN
ISRAEL
(Palumbo e t. al. , 2001)

43. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLY IN
ARIZONA
(Palumbo e t. al. ,
2001)

45. IPM IN USA

46. Developed IPM against different whiteflies
Woolly whitefly : Aleurothrixus floccosus
Citrus whitefly : Dialeurodes citri
Bayberry whitefly : Parabemisia myricae
Ash whitefly : Siphoninus phillyreae
Cultural
control
Biological
control
Chemical
controlIPM COMPONENTS
1 3
2
Pruning of the crops
Proper fertilizer management
Provide flowering crops for NE
Regular monitoring of the pest
Destroy the weed hosts and destroy the
crop residues
Encarsia formosa
Coccinellid beetles
Acetamiprid 3.4–5.7 oz/acre
Buprofezin 2.14–2.86 lb/acre
Imidacloprid 7–14 fl oz/acre
Pyriproxyfen 16 oz/acre

48.  Start the cropping cycle with a clean greenhouse.
 A fallow period of 2 to 4 weeks, when all plants and weeds are eliminated
 Avoid over fertilizing crops as this increase their attractiveness to adult
whiteflies
 Inspect incoming plants and cuttings for both adult and immature whiteflies.
Sweet potato whiteflies on poinsettia cuttings
 Yellow sticky cards one per 1000 sq. ft.
 additional cards near doors and vents
 When a pest infested plant tagged to be used as an indicator plant
 Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus sp., Amblyseius swirskii, Delphastus pusillus
Beauvaria bassiania and Isaria (=Paecilomyces) fumosoroseus
x White fly

49. IPM IN
AUSTRALIA

50.  Vacuuming in the early morning when whiteflies are cold and slow moving
can remove many of the adults before they have a chance to lay many eggs.
After vacuuming, empty the vacuum bag into a plastic bag and put in the
freezer for 24 hours
 Hang sticky yellow traps above the plants, at the beginning of the season to
detect an invasion early.
 Tapping the plants with a stick will cause the whitefly to fly up and onto the
traps
 Shouldn't wear yellow clothing around whiteflies or you may carry them from
plant to plan
 Physical barriers such as floating row covers or mosquito netting work very
well for early season protection
 Handpick older leaves to remove young whitefly stages
 Avoid using a lot of nitrogen fertilizer, including manures, as succulent
growth will increase whitefly populations.
 Try a high pressure hosing in the early morning, 3 days in a row.
IPM IN AUSTRALIA

52.  An important predator and parasitoid of whiteflies is the tiny wasp Encarsia
formosa
 It is most likely to be effective inside glasshouses rather than outdoors
 Encarsia wasps kill whitefly nymphs in one of two ways: they either lay an egg
inside the nymph, providing food for their young, or they kill the nymph right
away and feed on it. Once the whitefly nymphs are parasitised they turn black
and no longer feed
 Insecticidal soap sprays such as Natrasoap are a good choice of control for
the home gardener; spray every 23 days for 2 weeks.
 Suggested Products:
Beat A Bug
Insect Spray
Eco Neem
Eco Oil
Exclusion
Natrasoap
Sticky Yellow Traps
IPM IN AUSTRALIA

53. IPM IN INDIA

54. IPM IN INDIA ETL 5-10 nymphs/leaf
 Grow resistant varieties like glabrous like glabrous kanchana
(LPS 141); LK 861; NA 1280 and Supriya
 Go for the early planting
 Judicious application of N fertilizers
 Grow inter crops and trap crops like BG, GG, soybean cluster
bean cowpea and groundnut with cotton and grow castor and
tomato as trap crops as border crops
 Destroy the infested plants and weeds surrounding the field
 Erect the yellow sticky traps 10-12/ha or keeping yellow
empty tins smeared with grease as trap. Wipe out trapped
whiteflies every day and apply grease again
 Destroy the different stages of the insect by collecting the
infested leaves and affected parts of the plant by polythene
covers to avoid contact with other plants

55.  Seed treatment -Carbosulfan - 40 g/kg, Imidacloprid 70 WS - 5 g/kg and
Thiamethoxam 70 WS - 4 g/kg
 Soil application- Carbofuran 3G 12 – 14 kg/ac or Phorate 10G 4 – 5 kg/ac
nearer to the base of seedlings when the soil is moist
 Stem application-Monocrotophos or methyl demeton 1:4 with water
Imidacloprid 200 SL 1: 20 with water 20 – 25, 30 – 35 and
40 – 45 DAS
 Foliar spray:
IPM IN INDIA ETL 5-10 nymphs/leaf
Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W 2.5l-5.0l
Azadirachtin 5% W/W 750 ml/ha
Buprofezin 25% SC 1000ml/ha
Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1411 ml/ha
Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 1250 ml/ha
Dimethoate 30% EC 990 ml/ha
Fenpropathrin 30% EC 240-350 ml/ha
Monocrotophos 36% SL 375 ml/ha
Oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC 1000 ml
Phosphamidon 40% SL 625-750 ml/ha
Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 600ml/ha
Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 500-600 ml/ha
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 100-125

56. CONCLUSIO
N
PART III

57. CONCLUSION
Whiteflyis apolyphagous, polymorphic, migratory
and highly resistant pest. Synthetic organic pesticides
causedresurgence of the pest leading to the death of the
farmers recently occurred in Punjab and Haryana in
India. Considering the economic importance of the pest
Australia, China, USA, Israel andIndiahavebeentaking
profound practices to manage the whitefly including
regulatory, cultural, host plant resistance, biological and
least importance to the older molecules which already
developed resistance to the whitefly and including the
newer molecules in a need based application. There is a
needto developtransgenic crops which resist the sucking
pestcomplexof differentcrops.

58. Please keep watch......
WHITE FLY BIOLOGY
WHITE FLY ORGANIC CONTROL

59. Thank You
Presented by
Sabhavat Srinivasnaik
ID.NO:2015800506
I Ph. D (Agrl. Entomology)