Invasive Alien Species_S.Srinivasnaik_RAD21-25.ppt

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAJENDRANAGAR
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IMPACT OF INVASIVE ALIEN CROP PESTS ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE
IN LAST FOUR YEARS (2018-2022)
Asst.Prof.S.Srinivasnaik
Department of Entomology,
sabhavats1@gmail.com

Preamble
Case study
Conclusion
References
Invasive Alien Species Characteristics/Pathways/Steps
CONTENTS
Future perspectives
Status Invasive Alien Species in India
Invasive Alien Species and their Impact

PREAMBLE
Arrive, Survive and Thrive.
 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
defines “Alien Invasive Species is one which becomes established in natural or
semi natural ecosystems or habitat, and threatens native biological diversity.
 These invasive are widely distributed in all kinds of ecosystems throughout the
world and include all categories of living organisms.”
 IAS occur in all taxonomic groups, including animals, plants, fungi and
microorganisms, and can affect all types of ecosystems
 A species introduction is usually vectored by human transportation and trade
 For a species to become invasive, it must successfully out-compete native
organisms, spread through its new environment, increase in population

INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
 Very resilient
 Short life cycle
 Broad host range
 High dispersal ability
 Ability to withstand many environmental conditions
 High fecundity
 Voracious feeders
Characteristics of Invasive Alien Species
Steps in invasion
 Introduction
 Establishment
 Spread
 Naturalization
Pathways of invasion
 Introduction as contaminants
 Living industry pathway
 Transportation pathway

STATUS OF IAS IN INDIA
There are 173 invasive species introduced to India including 54
terrestrial plants, 56 aquatic organisms, 47 organisms having
agricultural importance. On the other hand, there are 23 insect pests
introduced to India and Among microbes, Fungus:16, Bacteria:5;
Virus:3; Nematodes:1

1.RUGOSE SPIRALLING WHITE FLY
 Highly polyphagous invasive rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus
rugioperculatus Martin was recorded on coconut at Pollachi, Tamil Nadu
 It was recorded by scientists from TNAU & ICAR-NBAIR, Bangalore
 Pest rapidly spread to coconut growing districts of entire South India
 It was later found to be feeding on banana, sapota, maize, oil palm, mango,
cashew and many other ornamental plants
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)

NBAIR Director diagnostic visit to the Pollachi, Tamil Nadu

IMPACT OF RSW ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE
 RSW reported in India from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh
 Coconut, banana and betelvine major severely affected crops
 The infestation was up to 60-100% on this crop plant.
 Due to infestation of this, withering and drying of leaves in coconut and banana
and betelvine due to development of the sooty mold
 Consumer preference and marketing of betel vine was reduced drastically
because of the sooty mold on the upper surface of leaves.
 About 200 ha has been severely affected due to this invasive whitefly in West
Bengal.
 Hot and humid weather conditions

IMPACT OF RSW ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE
 As many as 319 villages in East and West Godavari, Krishna, Srikakulam,
Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts were affected during 2019 and 2020.
 About 10,226 hectares of coconut plantations and 11,744 hectares oil palm
plantations were affected during these years.
 Yield was reduced upto 30%
 60-70% of the fronds were found infested by the pest
 Based on the level of damage incurred in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, dwarf coconut
cultivars were found to be highly susceptible than the tall genotypes. Among the
dwarfs, Chowghat Orange Dwarf was found to be highly susceptible

2.BONDARS NESTING WHITEFLY
Paraleyrodes bondari (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)
 Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi was
described on citrus (Citrus spp.) from
Brazil in 1971 (Peracchi, 1971). This
species is native to the Neotropical
region and has since been reported from
Belize, Honduras, Puerto Rico,
Madeira, Comoros, Mauritius, Taiwan,
Hawaii and Florida
 It was first reported in India on
coconut palms in Kerala during 2018
Karnataka and The Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
 Recently, its occurrence was noticed in
the Lakshadweep islands and
different districts of Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh

3. NEOTROPICAL WHITEFLY
Aleurotrachelus atratus (Aleyrodidae: Lepidoptera)
 Highly invasive palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was identified and reported for the first time in India
 The pest is found to be colonising on coconut palm and ornamental palm at
Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka during February, 2019
 Colonies of A. atratus is also associated with other recently invaded whiteflies such
as rugose spralling whitefly and Bondar's nesting whiteflies, scale, and
mealybug in coconut

3. NEOTROPICAL WHITEFLY:BIOLOGY
 Eggs and nymphs of A.atratus occur on the underside of palm fronds, and when
abundant they are highly conspicuous due to the dense flocculent white wax
which covers the black pupae.
 Eggs are stalked, initially creamy white and turn to dark brown before
hatching. The first instar nymph has four pairs of wax plumes excreted by
glands at the base of dorsal setae.
 All the four nymphal/pupal stages are black. Puparia are elliptical, black, 1.0-1.1
mm long with a long marginal white wax fringe and dorsal wax filaments that
often completely cover the insect .

3. NEOTROPICAL WHITEFLY

4. WOOLLY WHITE FLY
Aleurothrixus floccosus (Aleyrodidae: Lepidoptera)
 Invasion of the highly polyphagous woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus
(Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on guava
 It was recorded in Kozhikode district in Kerala, India during November 2019
 Ramanagara, Mandya and Bangalore districts in Karnataka and Coimbatore
district in Tamil Nadu on guava
 Kavaratti, Keltan and Amini in Lakshadweep on guava
 20 plant families and exhibits a strong preference

WOOLLY WHITE FLY:BIOLOGY
Aleurothrixus floccosus (Aleyrodidae: Lepidoptera)
Adults lays pale white stalked eggs in a circular pattern on newly emerged leaves
and turn to brown before hatching. The first nymphal instar is light green with
functional legs and subsequent stages turn brown in with slight to heavy wool like
wax filaments cover. The adult is approximately 1.5 mm in length, with a yellow-
white body and wings that are covered with a white waxy powder and they prefer
to feed on the undersides of young leaves that sprout when the host trees are actively
growing

IMPACT OF BW & NW on INDIAN AGRICULTURE
 Exotic invasive whitefies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in India cause direct and
indirect yield losses in agriculture, horticulture and forestry crop plants
 Recently, within a span of five years, seven whiteflies invaded India viz.,
solanum whitefy, Aleurothrixus trachoides (Back) reported to breed on 37
plant species; Rugose spiraling whitefy (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
Martin found breeding on 40 host plants; nesting whitefies, Paraleyrodes
bondari Peracchi on 34 host plants and P. minei Ιaccarino infest about 25 host
plants; legume feeding whitefy, Tetraleurodes acaciae (Quaintance) infesting 5
host plants; palm infesting whitefy, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel on 4 host
plants and woolly whitefy, Aleurothrixus foccosus (Maskell) infesting guava.
 The intensity of infestation of RSW on coconut, banana and oil palm, the woolly
whitefy on guava and the palm infesting whitefy and nesting whitefies on
coconut was severe
 30% yield loss was recorded in unmanaged orchards
 Severe infestation is leads to cutting down of the plants

5. FALL ARMY WORM
Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
 Based on the Roving Survey: 9 July to 12 July 2018
 ICAR-NBAIR team (Dr A. N. Shylesha, Principal
scientist)
 Chikkaballapur- Karnataka on maize
 Damage estimation > 70 %
 Different locations also: Hassan, Belur & Shimoga
 Dr S. K. Jalali and team molecular confirmation
 The fall armyworm is native to the tropical region of the
western hemisphere from the United States to Argentina
 In 2016, it was recorded in Africa causing serious
damage on maize crop

FALL ARMY WORM
 Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to tropical and subtropical Americas and is known
as a sporadic pest in the United States since 1797. A severe outbreak of FAW on
corn and millets was documented in 1912.
 In America, FAW was observed to cause up to 73% yield loss in maize . Outside
Americas FAW first invaded Africa, as reported from Sao Tome, Nigeria, Benin and
Togo in 2016
 In India, its presence was confirmed in May 2018 by the University of
Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka. Since then, it
has spread within the country and moved eastwards to countries bordering India,
viz. Bangladesh (December 2018), Myanmar (December 2018), Sri Lanka
(January 2019), China (January 2019) and Nepal, and to Thailand (December
2018), South Korea and Japan (July 2019). Temporal spread of FAW within India
has been documented since its report from Karnataka in May 2018. FAW spread
from peninsular India to the North and North East during 2018 and early 2019
respectively

TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT OF FAW IN INDIA

FALL ARMY WORM
Spodoptera litura
Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Spodoptera frugiperda

FALL ARMY WORM
Chilo partellus
Crambidae: Lepidoptera

 Egg laying occurs on the inner side of the whorl and also on the under surface of
the leaf in in a mass -89 eggs arranged in layers/patch
 First instar larva is greenish in colour with black head while the final instars are with
dark grey head and dull grey body with white sub dorsal and lateral white lines.
 The mature larva is with a white inverted “Y” mark on the head and with distinct
black spots on the body.
 Arrangement pattern of black spots is square on 8th and trapezoidal on 9th
segment
 FAW consists of two strains, viz. corn strain ‘C’ which feeds predominantly on
maize, sorghum and cotton, and rice strain ‘R’ which prefers rice and turf grass
FALL ARMY WORM- BIOLOGY

FALL ARMY WORM-SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
A) Young larva leaving silvery transparent membrane
B) Larva feeding inside whorl with faecal matter
C&D) tassel feeding by larvae;
E & F) Irregular holes on the leaves

FALL ARMY WORM-SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE
Chilo partellus
Crambidae: Lepidoptera
Shot holes Irregular cuttings

IMPACT OF FAW ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE
 Maize is (8.71 million hectares) the crop and ranks third next to wheat and
paddy in production in India. India ranks fourth in maize production (22.57
million tonnes) in the world with a productivity of 2.56 tonnes per hectare
 100 billion Indian Rupees (INR) to the agricultural (GDP) at current prices apart
from the providing employment to nearly 100 million person-days at the farm and
downstream agricultural and industrial sectors
 180.63 m ha in 165 countries @ 1134 mt growing at 3.46%
 Being a potential crop in India, maize occupies an essential place as a source of
human food (25%), animal feed (12%), poultry feed (49%), industrial products
mainly as starch (12%) and 1% each in brewery and seed

 Spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe), Pink stem borer (Sesamia
inferens Walker) and Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.)
 90% of maize-growing areas of diverse agro-ecologies of India-16 months
 Major challenge to smallholder maize farmers, maize-based industry, as well as food
and nutritional security-Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir
 The cumulative data published by the Department of Agriculture Cooperation and
Farmers Welfare, GoI on 25 June 2019, indicate that Karnataka has the highest
area affected with FAW (211,300 ha), followed by Telangana (24,288 ha),
Maharashtra (5144 ha) and others

 FAW attacks -seedling emergence to ear development stage
 First to third instar larvae of FAW are quiet small and eat 2% of
the total foliage, while it is 4.7%, 16.3% and 77.2% for the
fourth, fifth and sixth instars which heavily defoliate the crop
 Sorghum was found to be the most preferred host among millets
(60.1%), followed by pearl millet (41.4%), barnyard millet
(22.9%) and finger millet (10.2%)

 The pest may not establish or cause economic damage where
the temperature drops below 10 0C
 This may be the reason for the mild infestation of FAW in
northern Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab
 FAW is predicted to cause 21–53% loss in annual maize
production in the absence of control measures, while
conservative estimates show yield reduction of 14.3–22.7

5.CHILLI THRIPS
Thrips parvispinus (Aleyrodidae: Lepidoptera)
 Thrips parvispinus (Karny) is a cosmopolitan species of
quarantine importance
 In India, this species was first reported on Carica papaya
L. (Caricaceae) in Bangalore in 2015 and later on
Brugmansia sp. (Solanaceae) and Dahlia rosea Cav.
(Asteraceae) in 2018
 It is a polyphagous pest, infesting beans, eggplant,
papaya, pepper, potato, shallot and strawberry (NPPO
2019)
 Survey of T. parvispinus has been conducted in nine
states of India viz. Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Odisha and Tamil Nadu
 A total of 1257 specimens were examined from these
states

CHILLI THRIPS
 This species has been collected from nine host plants belonging to seven families
from five Indian states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala
and Tamil Nadu.
 Out of nine recorded host plants, four were fruit crops, three were ornamentals,
one each of vegetable and field crop, reflecting the adaptability of this thrips to
feed and breed in diverse agro-ecosystems.
 The thrips cause large scale shedding of flowers, malformation of fruits and
fruit drop in chillies, leading to severe yield loss.
 About 90 to 95 per cent flowers were badly damaged by the thrips, and on an
average, 18.20 thrips were recorded per flower. Serious damage was recorded in
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka on Capsicum annuum and in
Tamil Nadu on Mangifera indica

CHILLI THRIPS

IMPACT OF CHILLI THRIPS
 Andhra Pradesh (43.5 per cent) and Telangana (23.5 per cent) totally account
for over 67 per cent of the country’s chilli production, followed by Karnataka and
Madhya Pradesh
 The damage has been so extensive that worried farmers in Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh are ploughing their chilli fields during the harvest stage itself.
 Damage to chilli crops has been observed between 30 to 70 per cent at various
fields
 Chilli crop is being grown in 10 districts across Telangana in around 3.59 lakh
acres this year, which is 1.19 lakh acres more compared to last year. But 50-
60% loss
 The present damage caused to chilli crop across the country is affected the export,
which was 6,01,500 tonnes and worth `8,430 crores
 Threat to mango cultivation

CONCLUSION
Besides, several public awareness campaigns can be conducted to educate the common
people which will definitely reduce the chances of an accidental invasion.
Globalisation has resulted in the introduction of numerous invasive insect pests to India which
not only have devastated several agricultural crops but also have caused huge monetary loss.
This situation further got worse with the advent of global warming and climate change which
favoured the establishment and spread of the invasive species. Hence, management of the
invasive insects is a challenge.
Minimising the loss caused by invasive insects requires an “international management approach”
with strict legislation laws and better cooperation among countries with respect to exchange of
information regarding the invasive species and their natural enemies.
Moreover, there should be a hierarchical setup recruiting expertise personnel having sound
knowledge on insect identification, preliminary risk assessment and monitoring of insects and
their eradication.

FUTURE STRATEGIES
 Goal oriented projects rather than institutional based
 How these invasive insect pests are attacking south indian states ?
 Effective Control Measures
 Invasive Alien Species identification, monitoring and management
 Invasive Alien Species compendium

REFERENCES
 R. Sundararaj, K. Selvaraj and Venkatesan, T. 2018. Pest Alert: A new invasive
threatening coconut in India. NBAIR Bangalore Report
 K. Selvaraj, R. Sundararaj & B. V. Sumalatha 2019.Invasion of the palm infesting
whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the
Oriental region.Phytoparasitica. 1-9
 Tippannavar P. S.,Talekar, S.C ., Mallapur, C.P., Kachapur, R.M ., Salakinkop,
S.R., and Harlapur, S.2019. An outbreak of Fall Armyworm in Indian
Subcontinent : A New Invasive Pest on Maize. Maydica electronic publication -
2019
 ICAR, NBAIR Report. 2019. Curtails Dangerous Invasive Rugose Spiralling
Whitefly through Innovative Biocontrol Strategies. 2020.
 S. B. Suby, P. Lakshmi Soujanya, Pranjal Yadava , Jagadeesh Patil , K. Subaharan
,G. Shyam Prasad , K. Srinivasa Babu , S. L. Jat , K. R. Yathish , Jyothilakshmi
Vadassery , Vinay K. Kalia , N. Bakthavatsalam , J. C. Shekhar and Sujay
Rakshit.2020. Invasion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India:
nature, distribution, management and potential impact. Current Science,44-51

REFERENCES
 K Elango and S Jeyarajan Nelson.2020. Effect of Host Plants on the Behaviour of Rugose
Spiralling Whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus) and their Natural Enemies. Res. Jr. of
Agril. Sci. 11(1): 120-123
 R. Sundararaj · Selvaraj Krishnan · B. V. Sumalatha.2021.Invasion and expansion of exotic
whitefies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in India and their economic importance.
Phytoparasitica,1-14
 Swoyam Singh, Jai Hind Sharma, Avinash Udikeri and Hashib Ansari. 2020. Invasive Insects
in India.Intech Open, 1-16.
 Selvaraj, K., Sundararaj1 , R and Sumalatha, B.V. 2019. Occurrence of Invasive Neotropical
Whitefly Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in India on Coconut,
NBAIR Pest Alert Report

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