accessories and luminaires

1. ACCESSORIES
AND
LUMINAIRES.
SRUTHI VANDANA G
14031 AA 068 – 8TH SEMESTER.

2. Accessories are the most personal part of interior design. They give rooms personality and express
you and your taste. These functional and decorative items tell something about the interests and
activities of the people who live in the home. Since you have the freedom to create unique rooms
that provide excitement and vitality for you and your family, why leave it static and boring?
Instead, use careful selection and arrangement of accessories to transform a furnished room into a
finished room with a personality all of its own.
Accessories are added elements that have various effects to the original element.
Once the layout, furniture, lighting, artwork, electronics, accessories, paint and other elements
have been established, accessories are then used to finalize the design.
Accessories All Around You
Folk art is the term for simple, traditional
objects made by artists in many countries.
It is meaningful, beautiful and often
useful. Folk art includes pottery, weaving,
woodcraft, metalwork, glass-blowing,
basketry and many other crafts. If
possible, keep a record of the artist’s name
and purchase date.
Old lock signs, posters, pieces of early
equipment and other items decorate one
room
Family photographs can be valued and
treasured accents in any home. Snapshots can
be composed in collages and placed in one
frame. Formal portraits are perfect in any room
of the house. Casual snapshots are best used
in informal rooms. Assorted framed pictures
can be grouped in a wall arrangement, or
placed on easels and used on tables or in
bookcases.
Travel mementos from places you’ve visited
provide conversation starters and pleasant
memories. You may decide to collect state
plates, artwork, travel posters or crafts
representatives of areas you have traveled
through
Natural materials, such as flowers, fruit,
vegetables and other “found” items can
provide important accents in the home. With
an alert eye you can spot interesting seashells,
rocks, minerals, stones, weeds, pods or flowers
for dried arrangements, or even a bare branch
to place in a glass container. Display potatoes
on a wooden tray, polished eggplants and
purple grapes in a crystal bowl and an
assortment of fruit or vegetables in a large
basket. Consider mixing fruit, and cones in a
large wicker tray and sprinkle a few fall leaves
on top for the holidays. Bowls of nuts always
lend warmth to a decor. Flowers, whether
brought in from the wild, cut from the Even an
assortment of greenery with a variety of
textures and colors will create a very pleasant
accent.
Consider Design of Accessories
Honesty and simplicity are important aspects
of good design. A well-designed piece will
always be effective, no matter what is in
vogue at the time. Develop your design
conscientiousness. Observe objects in nature.
Light and shadow, shape, texture, pattern
and color can develop personal awareness.
Does the accessory gain impact from the
character of the material, such as with the
grain of a wood sculpture, or the texture and
pattern in a woven wall hanging? Look for
balance, scale and proportion, rhythm and
emphasis.
Good design ideas come in circle and
geometric forms such as the square, oval,
triangle, rectangle and variations of nature’s
designs. Some accessories are balanced in
design–one side is a mirror image of the other.
These symmetrical designs are formal and
peaceful. Asymmetrical balance, or informal
balance, arouses attention and is usually
casual.
Applied decoration can be added to an
object after it is completed, such as a design
etched on glass or a pattern printed on a
placemat. Check to see if the applied
decoration complements the object’s use,
basic form, size and the materials from which
it is made, or if the surface decoration is
showy, elaborate and impractical.
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/hes/fcs/FACTSHTS/HF-LRA.159.PDF

3. Plants give immediate vitality to a room.
They are a wonderful ecological
decorating accessory that feeds on carbon
dioxide and emits oxygen. Consider where
they will be placed in the room so you can
select plants that have the appropriate
humidity and light to grow and flourish.
Plants can sit on window sills, tables,
shelves, or pedestals, or hang from the
ceiling.
To arrange a large groups of plants on the
floor, always begin with the largest plant
first, intermingle plants of different
heights, shapes, colors and textures. It is
pleasing to finish the bottom with low flowering
plants. Hanging baskets should be hung at the
height where they are viewed from their best
angle.
Books or magazines arranged spontaneously
on a shelf or table surface add warmth to a
room. Combine books with an occasional
figurine, a small painting, a trophy or other
small article you prize. Tuck in a small plant
and let it creep over the edge of a shelf. One
collector of cornhusk dolls places them on
bookshelves with their feet dangling over the
edge, on top of end tables, and other places
to draw the eye and add interest and an
element of surprise.
Lamps should create light where it is needed.
Each room needs general and specific
lighting. General lighting illuminates the whole
room. Inmost cases, every seating area in a
conversation grouping needs a light source of
some kind. Lighting for specific activities such
as reading, working and studying is also
necessary. If the lighting is not built in, it must
be provided by lamps. Consider the height of
each lamp shade within a room. The bottoms
of the shades should be close to the same
distance from the floor. If you use a tall lamp
on a low table, you might use a shorter lamp
on a higher table. Most conventional lamps
range from 24 to 30 inches in height. They
should be placed on low enough tables so the
shades cover the bulbs at the eye level of a
person seated in the room. White and off-
white shades cast the most light, but dark or
metal shades reflect their light in interesting
pools. Today, lamps are made to fit any mood
or special needs, and they come in several
sizes and shapes. Types of lamps include floor
lamps, wall lamps, theme lamps and high
intensity lamps with a direct beam.
The CSYS lamp
collection by Jake
Dyson is revolutionizing
lighting with its
advanced LED
technology and sleek
style. Fully dimmable
and designed with the
latest generation of
high powered warm
white LEDs, this slim
lamp was inspired by
construction cranes
and drafting tables.
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/hes/fcs/FACTSHTS/HF-LRA.159.PDF

4. Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids
prepared by the action of heat and subsequent
cooling.
Structural- eg bricks, floor and roof tiles
Refractories- eg kiln lining, gas fire radiant, steel
and glass making crucibles.
White wares- eg tableware, cookware, wall tiles,
pottery products and sanitary ware.
Earthenware – often made from clay,
quartz and feldspar It is, or can be, fired
at relatively low temperatures
and vitrification does not take place,
leaving the body slightly porous(if
not glazed) .
After firing the body is porous and
opaque, and depending on the raw
materials used will be colored from white
to buff to red. Earthenware is also less
strong, less tough and more porous than
stoneware, but is less expensive and easier
to work.
Stoneware- a vitreous or semi-
vitreous ceramic ware made
primarily from non-refractory fire
Stoneware, which, though
dense, impermeable and hard
enough to resist scratching by a
steel point.
differs from porcelain because it
is more opaque, and normally
only partially vitrified. It is usually
colored grey or brownish
because of impurities in the clay
used for its manufacture, and is
normally glazed."
. Porcelain- (also known as China or Fine
China) is a ceramic material made by
heating materials, generally
including clay in the form of kaolin, in
a kiln to temperatures between
1,200 °C (2,192 °F) and 1,400 °C
(2,552 °F).
The toughness, strength, and
translucence of porcelain arise mainly
from the formation of glass and the
mineral mullite within the fired body at
these high temperatures.
Ceramists
•Odundo's best-known ceramics are
hand built, using a coiling technique.
•She mostly uses terracotta to make her
pieces
•Each piece is burnished, covered with
slip, and then burnished again.
•The pieces are fired in an oxidizing
atmosphere, which turns them a red-
orange.
•A second firing in an oxygen-poor
(reducing) atmosphere causes the clay
to turn black; this is known as reduction-
firing.
•Many of the vessels she creates are
reminiscent of the human form, often
following the curves of the spine,
stomach, or hair.
•Her work may be found in museum and
private collections worldwide.
Clocks are used on walls for time as well
as to accessorize the walls.
Candles on the other hand provide
more lighting, enhance the mood and
can produce a good scent in the
atmosphere of a room.
Clocks on shelf with indoor plants,
pictures and candles.

5. A mirror is flat or curved surface usually
produced of glass that has a reflective coating
applied to it.
Man first got reflections from rivers, ponds and
other natural entities
The earliest man made mirrors from polished
stone and mirrors made from black volcanic
glass obsidian - Found in Turkey dating back to
at least 6000 years.
Also found in Ancient Egypt - polished copper
with the round face of the mirror embellished
with ornamentation, Mesopotamia - polished
metal, Central and Southern America - polished
stone, China - made from metal alloys, a
mixture of tin and copper called speculum
metal that could be highly polished to made a
reflective surface as well as mirrors made of
polished bronze.
Metal alloys or precious metals mirrors were very
valuable items in ancient times only affordable
to the very wealthy.
During the period of the Renaissance in Europe,
mirrors were made by a method of coating
glass with a tin and mercury amalgam. In the
sixteenth century, Venice became the center
of manufacture for such mirrors. A factory for
manufacturing mirrors called Saint-Gobain was
established in France.
Mirrors were still expensive luxuries and only the
very rich owned it.
In 1835 Justus von Liebig, a German chemist,
developed the silvered-glass mirror where a thin
layer of metallic silver put onto glass by the
chemical reduction of silver nitrate.
This enabled mirrors to be manufactured on a
much larger scale, and that is when ordinary
people could buy a mirror.
Concave Mirror: Glass is curved inward, and
then coated, creating enlarged reflections.
Useful as a grooming aide.
Convex Mirror: The glass curves outward,
creating reduced reflections. It can be either
decorative or a useful tool in parking garages
or busy corridors to help people see around the
corner
Silvered tinted Mirrors: Tinted mirrors are
produced using the methods described above.
The silver coating is applied to one of the
various tinted glass substrates available on the
market. Tinted mirrors are generally used in
decorative applications where color and
diminished light reflection are desirable.
Pyrolytic Mirrors: These are highly reflective
coated glass mirrors with performance
characteristics like that of silvered mirrors.
They are used in shower doors and other
areas where moisture can affect the
substrate of silvered mirrors.
Transparent/Two-way
Mirrors: They are designed
to permit vision through
one direction while giving
the appearance of a
standard mirror from the
opposite side.
Their major application is
to permit undetected
observation for study or
surveillance in interior
conditions such as
learning centers in
schools and universities,
medical and psychiatric
clinics, and security
stations in casinos or high-
traffic retail stores.
Mirrors brighten a room,
and therefore are placed
near lamps or light fixtures
Orin places where they'll
reflect natural light.
They also improve the inside
lighting of a room. For
instance, a room that’s
painted in a dark color may
seem smaller as well as feel
oppressive. Adding mirrors
to a number of walls can
counteract the darkness
and boost the color of wall
space.

6. Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that
operates in three dimensions and one of
the plastic arts.
Durable sculptural processes originally
used carving (the removal of material) and modelling
(the addition of material, as clay) but since modernism,
shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete
freedom of materials and process.
sculpture in the round- free-standing sculpture that is
meant to be viewed on all sides, and is surrounded
entirely by space
free-standing sculpture, such as statues, not
attached (except possibly at the base) to any
other surface
Relief- at least partly attached to a background
surface. Relief is often classified by the degree of
projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high
relief, and sometimes an intermediate mid-relief.
Apart from their obvious decorative qualities, sculptures
are used as expressive pieces. They may be used to
express one’s culture, religion, beliefs, ambitions and
likes.
Paintings or any artwork makes a living space more pleasant and intriguing.
They often well with other colors, shapes and textures you choose to put in a certain area.
They are included in an interior precisely because they are complementary to almost any
room.
Inside a house, in particular, the normal
entryways and hallways often are the new
display location for paintings, photos or any
artwork like sculptures.
A beautiful large abstract painting can spark
some interesting conversation with your guests
in your office or living area.
In the bathroom, attention to the naturally high
humidity is important.
A well-protected piece of abstract wall art or
whimsy and color that will make the room
come alive can therefore be used.
Displaying a lot of small,
framed art can be a fun
way to add interest to a
bathroom, especially in
small spaces. Frame
works on paper behind
acrylic or Plexiglas (a
transparent acrylic plastic
often used in place of
glass), which can hinder
condensation build up.

7. Luminaires also known as “Fixture” or “Light Fixture”. A device that
projects defuses and alters the light direction of a given light source.
Luminaire can also be referred to as “System” as it contains the light source,
the housing, the electrical system and mains connectors, reflectors and
shielding devices (louvers).
Luminaires are purpose made according to a specific light source
physical body to achieve increased light quality and accommodate
given application attributes.
Illustrations of lighting applications could include Cold Storage lighting,
Fashion Stores, Medical and Dental, Street lighting etc.
Each application comes with a unique lighting technology, objectives
and selection criteria.
Selection criteria could be Public Safety, when addressing food stores,
Resilience when addressing Street light, Esthetics when addressing
Fashion and Retail applications.
•Luminaires are often categorized by 2 major classifications of prime usage: indoor or
outdoor applications.
•There are also special purpose lighting solutions like Marin lighting, Auto lighting, Anti Blast
(Explosion Proof), under water or Special effects (theatrical) lighting; these systems will not be
discussed in this overview.
•Safety lighting solutions will not be detailed either, while some lighting systems have a dual
purpose abilities.

8. • In door luminaires some time overlap with
outdoor solutions, in cases like of lighting
beneath the canopy in a gas station.
• Many lighting design considerations, system
components and commercial considerations
bear similar arguments for all solutions.
• These are usually low power systems (less
than 100w) with ceiling at up to 4 meters
height
• Office The majority of office illumination is
mostly based on fluorescent technology
combined with some ascent lighting like CFL,
LED and halogen.
• In case of HID lamps hot restrike time is an
issue.
• Retail The majority of Indoor retail illumination
is based on Fluorescent, Halogen, Metal
Halide, Induction and CFL technologies.
• Prime considerations are quality light
supporting the shopping experience, CRI as
high as possible, maintenance is an factor.
Ceiling can be at ~7 or even 10 meters
height.
• Hangars & Manufacturing The common
lighting solutions are HID, Fluorescent and
Induction. Prime considerations are high
intensity illumination, energy costs, and
maintenance and revamping costs.
• Ceilings can be from ~7meters (20 feet) to 10
meters (30 feet) or higher. Special luminaires
are required for each lamp type due to
unique lamp shape and dimensions. A
typical luminaire type is High bay.
•The popular solutions are Metal Halide, LPS
and Induction. Prime considerations are
maintenance and revamping costs.
•Ceiling can be from ~7 meters (20 feet) to 10
meters (30 feet) or higher.
• In many cases the HID ballast has to be
mounted remotely, outside the cold storage
hall.
•Depending on the organization of the hall
various types of luminaires can be considered:
flood, wall pack, flood et al. Advised light color
is yellow for better visibility in frost mist. •Key criteria for tunnel lighting are
maintenance costs. It is not unusual to witness
closing costs for revamping in magnitude of
$100,000 per hour for toll tunnels.
•The luminaire has to sustain toxic CO2 gas as
well as hazardous environment without failure.
•Luminaire types are usually flat or wall packs.
Some may consider blast proof grade of
luminaires for longevity and reliability.
Immediate hot restrike is an issue. Today known
systems with longest service life are Induction
and LED light solutions.

9. Luminaires – Outdoor applications
•Outdoor lighting solutions have to address various
considerations, including resilience to vandalism,
maintenance costs, and public safety by providing
continuous lighting of pedestrian sidewalks and
adherence to illumination standards of roads and motor
ways.
•Additionally outdoor systems have to be reliable with
proper IP protection from dust, rain and able to stand
harsh weather conditions.
Luminaire Outdoor Public & Amenity: Parking & Sports
•Parking Lots and Sports recreational areas warrant
various types of luminaires suitable for various pole
heights, light spread and intensity levels.
•Key parameters would be illumination coverage, light
beam orientation, resilience against vandalism, light
quality and maintenance costs.
•An example of an outdoor application is illumination of
a shopping Centre parking lot which uses “white light” to
extend the shopping experience. Typical luminaire is of
type “shoe box”.
•Sport areas come with high power systems and in the
range of 200W to 600W and higher.
•A special light modeling is advisable to ensure proper
light coverage and angle optimization while keeping to
the minimum the number of poles and luminaires.
Luminaire Outdoor Public & Amenity: Street light
•Street light and residential areas usually utilize a low cost
lighting, HPS lamps. HPS lamps have a low quality
“yellowish light”. A typical street light luminaire comes in a
“cobra head” type shape. Alternatively, key outdoor
locations would have a quality high cost white light
system such as LED lamps, Induction or Philips SON lamps.
•Prime consideration is orientation and light coverage
with low maintenance costs.
•Street luminaires are usually mounted on 4m to 7m
height poles with various power from 50W to 150W HPS
lamps. Street junctions can go up to 200-250W lights.
•An issue for consideration is compliance with street
lighting regulations in Europe (S-, CE- and Me-class) and in
the USA. The luminaire should have the ability to adjust to
various street configurations, street width, and pole
spacing/configuration and pole heights.
Luminaire Outdoor Roads & Tunnels: Roads
•Road lighting is usually characterized by high wattage
light source, depending on road width and traffic
volume. High poles dictate light sources of 250W to 400W.

10. TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture
•A recessed cove fixture is mounted in a light cove, which is built above
the ceiling at the intersection of the ceiling and the wall.
•These fixtures typically direct the light toward the wall.
•It is important that trim at the edge of the cove is tall enough to hide the
lighting fixture otherwise the lamp may be visible, which is unappealing.
Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture
•Indirect pendants hang from the ceiling and are usually suspended from
cables.
•The lamp is completely hidden from below and a reflector directs all of
the light up toward the ceiling. This type of fixture offers a softer and more
even distribution of light within the space.
• It is best used for general lighting and is not appropriate for task lighting.
The ceiling color should be light so that it reflects as much light as
possible.
Direct / Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture
•A direct / indirect pendant also hangs from the ceiling, but it directs light
up and down.
•These types of fixtures are used a lot in offices where general lighting is
required, but there is also a need for task lighting immediately below the
fixture.
•Direct / indirect fixtures are designed in variations that distribute differing
amounts of light up and down so that a designer has control over the
light distribution.
Recessed Lighting Fixtures
•Recessed lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures used in
commercial and institutional construction.
•Fixtures are sized to work with common ceiling tile sizes. While fluorescent
lamps have been most popular in the past, many facilities are shifting to
LED fixtures because they last longer and require less maintenance.
Wall Wash Light Fixtures
•Wall wash fixtures are recessed lights with reflectors that direct the light
toward the wall.
•They are most often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a
wall.
Wall Sconce
•A wall sconce is a decorative fixture that is mounted to a wall.
•They provide general room lighting, but are mostly decorative.
Task Lighting
•Task lighting is a generic description for lights that are used to illuminate
specific tasks or work that is being done.
•Task lights can be lamps, lights mounted to desks, under cabinet lights, or
any lighting that helps people see their work better.
Under Cabinet Light Fixtures
•Lights are often mounted below cabinets so that tasks on the counter
below can be seen easily.
•These can be found in homes and offices and are generally controlled
from a nearby switch or a switch on the light fixture.