Green Fleet Education Session - Driving Efficiency for Over-the-road Trucks 10.12.16

1. Truck Efficiency Improvements and Why You
Should Implement Them
Anthony Maietta, EPA Region 5

2. Transportation a Large
Contributor to Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Source: US Emissions Inventory
https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/
US-GHG-Inventory-2016-Chapter-2-Trends.pdf

3. Energy Use by Mode of
Transportation
National Transportation Statistics 2013
Total US Energy
use in 2013:
26 Quadrillion
Btu

4. US Must Take Lead for Addressing CO2

5. More States And Cities Are Taking Action On Climate Change
States with Climate Action Plans: 34
Source: http://www.pewclimate.org
http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/map.asp
1,060 Cities Signed as on as U.S. Conference
of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement

6. Health Effects of Diesel Emissions
• Two main categories of diesel exhaust:
– Gases: non-toxic and toxic components
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
– Particles: fine/ultrafine and toxic chemicals
absorbed onto them
Pollutants react
with oxygen and
make ozone
}
More about particulates...

7. Health Effects of Diesel Emissions
(continued)
Particulate Matter (PM)
• Small particles of dust, dirt, soot, smoke, liquid
droplets, and organic chemicals
• EPA regulates PM in two categories:
– PM10 (10 microns or less)
– PM2.5 (2.5 microns or less)
• PM2.5 is very small, 1/30th of the width of a human hair
– Small size allows PM2.5 to get through the human body’s
airway defense mechanisms and enter deep into the lungs

8. 2.5 Microns

9. Health Effects of Diesel Emissions
(continued)
What health and environmental effects have been
linked to high PM concentrations?
• Respiratory Problems
• PM, especially PM2.5 can enter deep into the lungs and
bloodstream
• Aggravated asthma, coughing, painful/difficult breathing,
chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, premature death
• Visibility
• Haze problems in national parks
• Atmospheric deposition
• Can cause high acidity in lakes and streams
• Can change soil nutrient concentration
• Can damage sensitive plants and crops

10. Regulatory Approaches
• Criteria Pollutant Regulations (PM and
Ozone)
• Fuel Regulations
• Engine Standards

12. What You Can Do

13. Improving Your Truck’s
Efficiency
• Idle Reduction
– Policies
– Onboard Devices
– Shore Power
• Fuel Efficiency
– Tires
– Aerodynamics
– Driver
Behavior/Incentives

14. When a vehicle is running for
nonpropulsion purposes, it is
idling.
• Trucks idling while in queue
• Vehicles waiting to
load/unload passengers or
goods
14

15. Running emergency lights and other auxiliaries
• Emergency vehicles, utility vehicles
Powering HVAC
•All vehicle types, for operator and passenger
comfort in extreme weather
Performing nonpropulsion (PTO) work
•Bucket trucks, sewer-line maintenance trucks,
wood chippers
Some Idling Is Unavoidable

16. Most Idling Is Not
Waiting in queue
•Delivery trucks, transit buses and motor coaches,
shuttle buses, taxis
Engine warming
•Today’s vehicles warm up faster by being driven
than idling
Sitting in vehicle
•During lunch breaks, to complete paperwork, to
make phone calls

17. • Idling a car wastes up to 0.5 gallons of fuel per hour.
• Idling a medium-duty truck wastes 0.4 to 0.6 gallons of
fuel per hour.
• Idling in the U.S. uses more than 6 billion gallons of
fuel at a cost of more than $20 billion EACH YEAR.
• Engine idling increases vehicle maintenance costs.
• Engine idling can shorten vehicle life.
The Cost of Idling Adds Up

18. Idle Reduction Policies

19. Elements of Idle Reduction Policies
• Clear signage
• Communicated well –
to drivers and
management
• Reduced detention
time (at facilities)
• Proper staging of
cargo
• Driver comfort
stations
• Queue Scheduling
• Sufficient drayage
equipment

20. 20
Onboard Idle Reduction Technologies
Average fuel savings Emissions Controlled
Trucks: 1 gal/hr CO2, NOx, and PM
Rail: 4 - 12 gal/hr
• Automatic Shut-Down/Start Up System
• Battery Powered Systems
• Diesel Driven Heating System
• Auxiliary Power Unit/Generator Set

21. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
• Mounted externally
• Small Engine/Generator Combination
– HVAC
– Electrical accessories

22. Bunk Heaters/Battery Air Conditioners
Heaters
•Use very little fuel
BAC’s
•Store energy as truck operates
•Can work up to 16 hours

23. Automatic Engine Shutdown (AESS)
• Start and stop truck automatically
• Can be programmed to meet idle rules
• Can be programmed for temperature

24. Truck Stop Electrification

25. Advanced Truck Stop Electrification

26. SmartWay Trailer and Aerodynamics Verification:
New programs introduced in 2014
26
Scope
Trailer
Designati
on
Levels
SmartWay “Elite” Trailer
(9% fuel savings from aero)
(1% fuel savings from tires)
53’ Refrigerated trailers
SmartWay
Trailer
(5% fuel savings from
aero)
(1% fuel savings from
tires)
53’ Van trailers
Aero
Device
Performa
nce Bins
9% or more fuel savings
5% (5.0 – 8.9) fuel savings
4% (4.0 – 4.9) fuel savings
1% (1.0 – 3.9) fuel savings
Test
Method
s
Tunnel
CFD
New Track Test
Coastdow
n
Choice of new 2014
test method for
verification and
option to supplement
with additional test
methods
Web table
indicating all
methods used to
verify a device
Fleet-
relevant
Credibility
Simplicity
Recogniti
on

27. Aerodynamics - Tires
27
Average fuel savings Emissions Controlled
Trucks: 4 - 5% CO2, NOx
• Single-wide tires and aluminum wheels
– Reduced rolling resistance
– Reduced weight
• Low rolling resistance duals can be as effective
as singles

28. Tires (continued)
• Single-wide tires Can Reduce 800-1000
lbs (when used on drive and trailer axles)
– Reduced fuel consumption
– Increased cargo capacity
• Low rolling resistance – better mpg
– 2% to 5% compared to conventional tires

29. Benefits of Low Rolling
Resistance Tires
29
• Incremental fuel savings
demonstrated for the tractor,
trailer & combination
• Benefits demonstrated with new
and retread tires
• SAE 2014-01-2425
Tractor only
Trailer
only
Tractor & Trailer
Baseline

30. Aerodynamics - Vehicle
30
Average fuel savings Emissions Controlled
Trucks: 5% CO2, NOx
• Trailer Fairings, Side-skirts
• Nose Cone and Trailer Tail

31. Tractor Aerodynamics
• Roof
• Side Extender
• Side Tank
• Front Bumper
• Mirrors
Can add up to 15% increase in fuel
economy (vs untreated tractor)

32. SmartWay Designated Tractors
32
Low Rolling
Resistance Tires
EPA-compliant
Engine
Aerodynamic Technologies
(grill, hood, bumper, mirror, side chassis fairing)
Optional Auxiliary
Power Unit
reducing idle
emissions
Aerodynamic Technologies
(roof fairing, side extenders)

33. Trailer Aerodynamics
• Gap Reducer
• Side Skirts/Fairings
• Cargo loading
• Wheelbase/
fifth-wheel
settings (less gap)
• ~5%-9% fuel econ.
improvement

34. The Ideal “SmartWay Truck”

35. 35
SmartWay Technology Programs:
Evolving with the industry
• SmartWay Trailer and aerodynamics programs
updated in 2015
– Includes 53 foot trailers in both dry van and refrigeration trailer
configurations
– Now has SmartWay Trailer and SmartWay Elite levels
– New test methods for verifying trailer aerodynamic components are
more rigorous and incorporate multiple test protocols (i.e., track test,
wind tunnel, coastdown, and computational methods)
– SmartWay tire program recently expanded to include verified low rolling
resistance retread and wide-based tires.
• SmartWay Tractor under review
– Respond to fleet and manufacturer input
– Better harmonize with truck GHG regulations

36. New SmartWay Trailer:
New programs finalized in February 2015
36
Scope
Trailer
Designation
Levels
SmartWay “Elite”
Trailer
(9% fuel savings from aero)
(1% fuel savings from tires)
53’ Refrigeration
trailers
SmartWay
Trailer
(5% fuel savings from aero)
(1% fuel savings from tires)
53’ Van trailers

37. What Can The Driver Do?
• Speed management
– Company policy
– Incentives
– Speed Governing
– Driver Training
• 65mph vs 55mph  7% less fuel
• Reduced maintenance costs
• More time between rebuilds

38. What Can The Driver Do? (continued)
• Cruise control (when possible)
• Coast when possible
• Smooth braking/acceleration
• Progressive shifting (at lowest RPM possible)
• Limit unnecessary idling
• Limit unnecessary shifting/block shifting
• Reduce accessories use

39. The SmartWay
Transport Partnership
www.epa.gov/smartway

40. SmartWay Transport Partnership
• What is SmartWay?
– Successful
government/industry
collaboration
– Voluntarily achieves improved
fuel efficiency
– Reduces environmental
impacts from freight transport
• Partnership
Categories
– Carriers
– Shippers
– Logistics
– Rail
• Partners use models:
– Benchmark freight operations
– Measure transportation footprint
– Identify technologies & strategies to
reduce emissions
– Track emissions reductions and project
improvement
• Equipment
Manufacturers
– SmartWay certified cars & trucks
• Auto manufacturers
• Tractor manufacturers
• Trailer manufacturers

41. SmartWay Partner Results
• Over 3,000 Partners, as of 3/2016
• $24.9 billion dollars in fuel costs saved
• Saved 170.3 million barrels of oil
– (equivalent to taking 14 million cars off the road for one
year)
• Emissions reduced:
– 72.8 million metric tons CO2
– 1,458,000 tons Nox
– 72,000 tons PM

42. National Clean Diesel Campaign &
Midwest Clean Diesel Initiative

43. What is MCDI?
A public-private partnership formed in 2004
with a goal to address 1 million ‘legacy’
diesel engines by 2010 (we did!)
MCDI Leadership Group: (initially) 33 public-
sector and private-industry organizations.
Meets yearly to discuss progress, raise
issues
MCDI Co-Chairs: EPA, Cummins, ALA,
Illinois EPA; choose general direction of
the Initiative

44. What is MCDI? (continued)
State Coalitions:
– Government, industry, and nonprofit
organizations
– Address diesel pollution through projects,
legislation, and innovative financing
Communication tools:
• www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel
• Webinars
• To get on board:
maietta.anthony@epa.gov

45. How MCDI Reduces Diesel
Emissions
“The 5 R’s”
– Retrofit
– Repower
– Replace
– Rebuild
– Refuel
Each can reduce emissions and/or fuel use

46. Resources and Contact Information
SmartWay Transport Partnership
http://www.epa.gov/smartway
National Clean Diesel Campaign
http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel
Midwest Clean Diesel Initiative
http://www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel
Tony Maietta (312-353-8777)
maietta.anthony@epa.gov