Comtech - IP Solutions: IP-DVB Encapsulations, Multimedia Router/Receivers & Communication Systems for SNGs

1. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
IP Solutions: IP-DVB Encapsulation,
Multimedia Router/Receivers &
Communication Systems for SNGs
Steve Good
Director, Sales Engineering
Comtech EF Data

2. 2
SSPI Brazil Broadcast Day
Agenda
• Efficiencies in Satellite Communications
• IP-DVB Encapsulation
• Multimedia Router/Receivers
• Communication Systems for SNGs

3. 3
Comtech EF Data
• A subsidiary of Comtech Telecommunications (NASDAQ: CMTL)
• CMTL FY-2006 Revenues: US$ 391.5 million
• Comtech EF Data (CEFD) Headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, USA
• All products are designed and manufactured in our ISO-9001
certified facility
– Three adjacent buildings with 125,000+ square feet
• Our Mission
– To be a worldwide supplier of high quality, high value satellite
communications equipment for commercial and government markets

4. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
Efficiencies in Satellite
Communications

5. 5
Satellite Communication Economics
“Total Cost of Ownership”
• Costs typically associated with
satellite communications
– Operating expenses
 Satellite space segment
 Recurring license fees and taxes
 Support and maintenance
– Capital (Fixed) expenses
 Ground equipment, codec,
routers, switching equipment,
modems, converters, RF, HPA,
antennas
 Site preparation, civil works, one
time license fees
Operating
Expenses
Capital
Expenses
Network Operations + Depreciation
Total Cost of Ownership
Operations &
Maintenance
Transmission
OPEX
Power
Spares/Support
Training
Site
Rental
Network
Equipment
Site
Equipment
Civil
Works
NRO
Transmission
Equipment

6. 6
OPEX (Space Segment)
• Bandwidth and Power Efficient
Satellite Solutions to reduce OPEX
1. Reducing power through better
forward error correction (Turbo, LDPC
codes)
2. Increasing data rate through higher
order modulation (8PSK, 8-QAM, 16-
QAM, 16APSK, 32APSK, etc.)
3. Efficient IP-enabled modems (QoS,
IP Header & Payload Compression)
4. dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) and Single
Hop Mesh links
Enables
simultaneous
optimization of
satellite
transponder power
and bandwidth

7. 7
Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/No

8. 8
Allocated vs. Power Equivalent
Bandwidth (PEB)
Relative Bandwidth (%) – for same data rate
-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
16QAM 7/816QAM 7/8
16QAM 3/416QAM 3/4
8PSK 5/68PSK 5/6
8PSK 2/38PSK 2/3
QPSK 7/8QPSK 7/8
QPSK 3/4QPSK 3/4
QPSK 1/2QPSK 1/2
QPSK 1/2 = 100%

9. 9
Allocated vs. Power
Equivalent Bandwidth (PEB)
• Allocated BW
– Portion of transponder that
actually used
– Function of modulation and
FEC
– Decreases with higher
order mods and FECs
– “Bandwidth Limited” links
have greater Allocated
than PEB
• PEB
– Fraction of transponder
required to close link
– Function of hub antenna,
remote antenna and
satellite specifics along
with required Eb/No
– Increases with higher
order mods and FECs
– “Power Limited” links
have greater PEB than
Allocated

10. 10
Modulation and FEC Efficiencies
Example
Modulation FEC
Type
FEC
Rate
Allocated
(MHz)
PEB
(MHz)
Greater
(MHz)
Cost per
Month
QPSK Vit RS 1/2 2.93 1.33 2.93 $11,700
8QAM LDPC 2/3 1.33 1.41 1.41 $5,600
16QAM TPC 7/8 0.76 3.78 3.78 $15,100
Let’s look at an example of a 2.048kbps link in C-Band
from a 16M to a 3.7M antenna with a cost of $4,000 per
MHz per month
BW Limited
PEB Limited
BW/PEB
Balanced

11. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
IP-DVB
Encapsulation

12. 12
Types of Encapsulation
• SCPC Carrier
– HDLC
• MCPC / “TDM” / TDMA Carrier
– HDLC
• DVB-S2
– Multiprotocol Encapsulation (MPE)
– Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)
 Removes MPEG-2 Layer
 Utilizes smaller header than MPE or ULE
– Ultra Lite Encapsulation (ULE)
 Maintains MPEG-2 Layer
 Can compress IP header from 20 bytes to 4 bytes and MPE
header from 12 bytes to 4 bytes

13. 13
Encapsulating IP Traffic into a
DVB-S2 Stream
• The original DVB-S standard was designed around video with
“the world of computers” not prioritized (listed last) in the DVB
Project’s Goals for DVB-S
• DVB-S2 has been designed from the ground up with IP in mind.
• The sharing of a single saturated carrier allows many
economies and joint services to be offered
• New technologies not only increase the efficiency of IP to
MPEG-2 TS conversion but also allow intelligent PID filtering
and conversion between video and data standards
– Can receive IP, convert to MPEG-2 TS
– Can receive MPEG-2 TS, convert to IP
– Can select both the channels to be watched and the means
how to watch them (video monitor, PC, etc.)

14. 14
The IP to MPE to MPEG-2 TS
Encapsulation Process
Original Ethernet
Frame
Ethernet Header
Discarded
MPE Process
MPEG-2
Process

15. 15
MPE/MPEG-2 Encapsulation
Efficiencies
• Function of packet size and whether Section Packing
is utilized or not
• With Section Packing and large (1500 byte packets),
efficiencies of 96.6% can be achieved
– Section Packing allows a single MPEG-2 frame to include
two different MPE packets
– Without Section Packing, portion of MPEG-2 frame goes
unused
• ULE and GSE are alternative methods of IP
encapsulation that have had differing levels of
acceptance in the market
• By using section packing with moderately sized
packets leads to indiscriminate differences in
efficiencies between MPE/MPEG-2 and ULE/GSE

16. 16
MENCAP 50 IP Encapsulator
(CME-5000)
• Ethernet Input with mirrored ASI Output
• 73 Mbps performance
• Up to 10,000 simultaneous routes
• Unicast & Multicast Traffic
• 1:1 Redundancy within 1RU
• Boot time under 15 seconds – from
powering on to passing traffic
• Based on an embedded eCos platform
that is tuned for high performance
packet processing applications
• Configuration changes can be made
without the need to stop and restart the
unit

17. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
Multimedia
Router/Receivers

18. 18
Comtech EF Data
DVB-S2 Router/Receivers
• CME-5200
– ASI Input, Ethernet Output
– Add MPE data service to existing IRD-equipped remote
– Easily add IPTV to a network that has an existing IRD with
ASI Output
– Create IPTV service from MPEG-TS
• CME-5970
– L-Band Input, Ethernet (10/100 Base T) output
– Supports DVB-S (2-45 Msps)
– DVB-S2 (5-30 Msps)

19. 19
Add MPE Service to IRD
IRD
IRD
Video Channel 1
ASI Loop
Video Channel 2
ASI Loop
IP Data
LBand

20. 20
Create IPTV Service from Video
IRD
IRD
Video Channel 1
ASI Loop
Video Channel 2
ASI Loop
MPEG-2 TS on IP
LBand

21. 21
DVB-S2 Router/Receiver
(CME-5990)
• L-Band Input, Ethernet out
• ASI Input / Output
• Multiplex streams from satellite and local ASI
to ASI, Ethernet, or both interfaces
• Filter streams from satellite and local ASI to
ASI, Ethernet, or both interfaces
• Compatible with DVB-S
• 4 in 1: Satellite Receiver, Combiner, Filter,
Video to IP

22. 22
Media Router S2-ASI - IPTV
(CME-5990)
• Create IPTV Service from existing video feed
from satellite interface and/or ASI Interface
• Map incoming MPEG-TS program to
Multicast Address
• The packets received in the MPEG-TS from
either Satellite or ASI will be mapped to the
defined multicast address

23. 23
Media Router S2-ASI
Media Router
S2-ASI
ASI
LBand
ASI
Ethernet
LAN / PC
Satellite
Video Backhaul
or Local Feed
Video Backhaul
or Local Feed
Output MPE &
MPEG-TS to
Ethernet, ASI
or both
Filter or
Combine
Satellite & ASI
Inputs

24. 24
Comtech EF Data’s Array of
DVB-S2 Products
• Product line includes DVB-S2 Modems, IP Encapsulators
& Receivers
– Support for DVB standards including DVB-S2
– Delivery of IPTV services
– Offers range of interfaces, redundancy options, and IP-based
management
– Spans satellite, cable, wireless and cellular networks
– Supports video and IP-based content contribution and distribution
IP Encapsulators DVB-S2 ReceiversModulatiors & Demodulators

25. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
Communications
Systems for SNGs

26. 26
Satellite Access Topologies
• Point-to-Point
– Two points  single satellite hop
• Star
– Single central point  multiple remote sites
– Remote-to-remote  double-hop connection
• Mesh
– Remote-to-remote  single satellite hop
– Full Mesh  Any remote to any other remote
• Hybrid Star/Mesh
– Multi hub-and-spoke configuration
– Certain remotes communicate with certain other remotes
 Hub
 Gateway Remotes
 Non-Gateway Remotes

27. 27
Traditional Satellite Delivery Systems
Advantage Minus
Dedicated bandwidth for each
remote inbound.
Each remote requires its own
space segment.
Provides superior Quality of
Service for mission critical
applications.
Expensive OPEX if each
remote bandwidth is not fully
utilized.
Low Latency and Low Jitter SCPC modems typically more
expensive than VSAT modems.
Best transmission method for
real-time applications, voice,
data, video, broadcast, etc.
Fixed data rates. DAMA
requires multiple modems for
multiple applications.
Advantage Minus
Sharing of satellite bandwidth. High Latency and Increased
Jitter
Lower overall OPEX compared
to dedicated pipes.
Demanding remotes can
burden the system.
Good for low data rate
applications.
Expensive hub equipment.
Low cost remotes. Fragmentation of packets. Less
effective for voice and video.
All remotes must be designed
around worst case link.
Single Channel Per Carrier Time Division Multiple Access

28. 28
Satellite Access Technologies
(TDMA .. also RCS)
• Time Division Multiple Access allows multiple
remotes to access the same medium in an organized
fashion
• Media access control is required
– Reference bursts
 Timing references for all stations to allow proper burst
interleaving within TDMA frame
– Guard time
 Transmit timing accuracy and range rate variation of satellite
• Traffic burst
– One remote at a time
– Detailed traffic plan is calculated and disseminated
– One or many slots per burst
– One remote per slot

29. 29
Satellite Access Technologies
(TDMA .. RCS)
• Utilizes a framing technique
– Frames can be viewed as portions or “chunks” of TDMA carrier
– For a network with VoIP, frame lengths are typically set to be 125
msec long to match the characteristics of human voice
• Each frame is divided into a number of slots
– Number of slots per frame determined by selected FEC technique
– Smaller FEC selection results in small slots
 Larger number of slots per frame
 Larger portion of TDMA overhead vs. traffic
– Larger FEC selection results in large slots
 Smaller number of slots per frame
 Smaller portion of TDMA overhead vs. traffic
– No sharing of slots  if IP data does not completely fill the slot, this
bandwidth

30. 30
Satellite Access Technologies
(TDMA .. RCS)
• Two different data rates are important when sizing a TDMA
network… IP Rate and Information Rate
• IP Rate is the actual IP throughput including IP headers and
data at Layer 3 of the OSI model
– Represents actual LAN traffic on both remote and hub LANs
• Information Rate is the actual Layer 2 information, including
TDMA framing overhead, sent over the satellite
– Link budgets must account for this number and not IP Rate
– Different TDMA platforms have different IP Rate /
Information Rate efficiencies
 Depends on TDMA satellite access method (aloha, slotted
aloha, deterministic, selective, etc.)

31. 31
Satellite Access Technologies
(SCPC)
• Single Channel per Carrier provides the ability for one
remote to access the same medium at a time in an
un-contended fashion
– No sharing of bandwidth between remotes within the
medium itself
– No concept of a timeframe as packets are tightly packed
without concern of contention
• No media access control is required
– Associated overhead eliminated
– All “bursts” are traffic, one after another not overhead
• Earth station has a set amount bandwidth available to
it at all times

32. 32
Satellite Access Technologies
(dynamic SCPC)
• Dynamically switched SCPC links allocated to remotes
depending upon
– SIP, H.323 or TOS byte switching
– QoS rules based on address, port and/or protocol
– Traffic load
– Pre-determined scheduling
• Single Hop on Demand (SHOD)
– Single hop links from remote-to-remote
– Eliminates double-hopping
– Provides single carrier operation for simultaneous connections with
both hub and remote from a remote site
• Remote that is allocated SCPC carrier has the entire bandwidth
available to it
– When SCPC carrier not needed, de-allocated
• Master controller manages allocation of SCPC carriers

33. 33
Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC)
• SCPC links are best you can get for providing “always-on” pipes.
• SCPC links are typically fixed at a specific data rate, requiring manual
intervention to re-size when additional applications need transport.
• Problem – why pay for “always-on” pipes when you don’t need them
24/7?
• Problem – how can you automate the bandwidth requirements of the
satellite link based on the numerous daily changes in applications
running over the link, and keep hardware and operational costs low?
• Solution – dSCPC provides the automated mechanism to:
– switch up SCPC links based on a variety of conditions:
 Application (H.323, SIP, ToS, QoS), Load, Schedule, VESP
– alter the SCPC bandwidth to handle each application:
 Carrier size is dynamically increased or decreased depending on type of
traffic over the link
– tear down the link when the application(s) are completed
 Returns the remote to “home state”

34. 34
• Share pools of bandwidth with other remotes, saving space segment
cost
• Switch inbounds to SCPC only when needed
• Complete SCPC satellite network management for Vipersat
components
• High Bandwidth solutions
• Single Hop “mesh” connectivity for remote-to-remote applications
• Operates over Multiple Transponders and Satellites
dSCPC Operation via Vipersat
STDMA
Inbound
TDM
Broadcast SCPC Pools

35. 35
dSCPC Upstream Switching
• Applications Switching / SHOD
• Protocol detection occurs at the remote
• Capable of detecting the following
protocols
• Video - H.323, SIP, TOS
• VoIP - H.323, SIP, TOS
• QoS Switching
• User selectable QoS rules allow
switching based on:
• Source and/or Destination IP
Addresses
• Source and/or Destination Ports
• Protocol Type (RTP, HTTP. FTP, UDP,
TCP, etc.)
• Load Switching
• Buffer status of the remote is monitored
• Overloaded remotes can switch to
SCPC
• Advanced Site Switching
• Allows for switching remotes from
QPSK 3/4 STDMA channel into a
single alternate Modulation/FEC when
going to SCPC
• Scheduled Switching
• Circuits can be switched to SCPC by
using the Vipersat Circuit Scheduler
(VCS)
• Manual Switching
• Circuits can be manually switched to
SCPC by VMS operator
• VESP
• Vipersat External Switching Protocol
• API that can be implemented in third
party vendor equipment allowing
requests for bandwidth by VMS
• Policy Priority Switching
• Type 254 policy is uninterruptible by
other application, load, ToS, QoS or
VESP switch requests. Manual and
VCS can still interrupt.

36. 36
dSCPC Technology
• dSCPC allows for dynamic bandwidth
allocation based on several “triggers”.
• Pools of bandwidth are shared between
remotes.
• In the example to the right depicting a ten
remote network:
– Top picture is dedicated SCPC links with
TDM outbound. 8.1 MHz satellite bandwidth
required for all remotes to have 512 kbps
return.
– Bottom picture is dSCPC links with same
TDM outbound. 5.94 MHz satellite bandwidth
required for all remotes to have 64 kbps CIR
with the ability to have 40% oversubscription.
These remotes can switch up to 512 Kbps.
• Savings of 2.14 MHz. At $3,000/MHz/mo:
– $6,417 per month savings
– $77,004 per year savings

37. 37
Advanced Upstream Site Switch
• Allows remotes to switch into the bandwidth
pool in a mod/FEC combination other than that
of its home state.
• For example, remotes can switch out of home
state of QPSK, TPC ¾ to a higher order
modulation, i.e. 8QAM, 8PSK, 16QAM
• Yields greater bandwidth efficiencies.
• In the example to the right, dSCPC saves 2.1
MHz spectrum vs. TDM/SCPC links
– Saves $77,004 annually
• Utilizing Adv. Upstream Site Switching
– Switch from QPSK to 8QAM in this example
– Saves an additional 476 KHz bandwidth ($17,136/yr)
– $94,140/year saved when combining both examples

38. 38
IP Header Compression
Supported Ethernet Headers
Ethernet 2.0
Ethernet 2.0 + VLAN-tag
Ethernet 2.0 + MPLS
802.3-raw
802.3-raw + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2
802.3 + 802.2 + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + MPLS
Supported Layer 3&4 Headers
IP
TCP
UDP
RTP (Codec Independent)
• Optional feature that conserves bandwidth
over satellite links
• No reverse feedback channel needed
• Fixed refresh rate algorithm
– Full packets sent periodically
– Adjusted based upon link capacity and
quality
• Supports point-to-point or point-to-
multipoint
– Unlike traditional methods that only support
point-to-point
• Configurable on a per route basis
• easyConnect vs. Router Mode
– Ethernet headers are compressed in
easyConnect Mode
– Ethernet headers are not sent over the
satellite link in Router Mode

39. 39
IP Header Compression
Supported Ethernet Headers
Ethernet 2.0
Ethernet 2.0 + VLAN-tag
Ethernet 2.0 + MPLS
802.3-raw
802.3-raw + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2
802.3 + 802.2 + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + VLAN-tag
802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + MPLS
Supported Layer 3&4 Headers
IP
TCP
UDP
RTP (Codec Independent)
• No unified algorithm exists today for
compressing IP/UDP/RTP streams
– IPHC (RFC-1144)
– CRTP (RFC-2508)
– CIPX (RFC-1553)
… are needed to fulfill this need
• Traditional compression techniques must
operate under link layer headers such as
Ethernet or PPP headers
• No traditional method compresses layer 2
header
…these are needed since they are part of the
compression algorithm itself
• ETH-2/IP/TCP/UDP stream packets 
compressed into single byte over satellite link

40. 40
IP Header Compression
• Reduce VoIP bandwidth by 60%
– G.729 (8Kbps) codec compressed from 32 Kbps to 10.8Kbps
• Configurable on a per route basis
• Reduce Web/HTTP traffic by 10%
IP
20 Bytes
UDP
8 Bytes
RTP
12 Bytes
CH
2-4 bytes
Payload
(Variable Size)
Payload
(Variable Size)
Compression

41. 41
IP Payload Compression
• Advanced Lossless Data Compressing (ALDC) feature compresses
payload (datagram), condensing the size of data frames
– Reduces bandwidth required to transmit across satellite link
– Provides typical traffic optimization in excess of 40%
 Function of data context and average IP packet size
• Uses Lempel Ziv Stac compression technique with up to 2000
simultaneous sessions and 512 byte session history (vs. 32 session
standard from HiFn)
• Configurable on a per route basis or network-wide
• Statistics available that report the level of compression being
achieved
• When used in conjunction with header compression:
– Maximizes link efficiency
– Reduces operating expenditures

42. 42
IP Payload Compression
Traffic Without Payload
Compression
With Payload
Compression
File Transfer,
Web, etc.
2 Mbps 2Mbps * 60% = 1.2 Mbps
Savings = 800 kbps
• Configurable on a per-route basis
• Provides traffic optimization
• Bandwidth Reduction of up to 40%
2Mbps 2Mbps1.2Mbps

43. 43
Quality of Service (QoS)
• Flow-Based Rules
– Up to 32 different rules possible
– Defined by Protocol, Surce/Destination IP Address, Source/Destination Port
• Max/Priority
– Assign maximum bandwidth that any traffic flow can utilize
– Establish up to 8 levels of prioritization
• Min/Max
– Set the minimum and maximum bandwidth for user-defined classes of traffic
– Ensures that a certain level of bandwidth is always applied
• DiffServ
– Provide higher priority to some applications over others
– Industry-standard method of adding network-wide QoS
– Enables seamless co-existence in networks that already have DiffServ deployed

44. 44
Vipersat via DVB-S2 Overlay

45. 45
Satellite News Gathering

46. 46
SSPI Brazil Broadcast Day
Agenda
• Efficiencies in Satellite Communications
• IP-DVB Encapsulation
• Multimedia Router/Receivers
• Communication Systems for SNGs

47. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
IP Solutions: IP-DVB Encapsulation,
Multimedia Router/Receivers &
Communication Systems for SNGs
Steve Good
Director, Sales Engineering
Comtech EF Data