دكتور فارس الخياط --- تركيب الجهاز المناعي في الطيور للأخوة المربيين والسادة المهندسين الزراعيين

1. ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬
‫را‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬
‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رس‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دآ‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫آ‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬:
‫أو‬-‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬:‫وه‬ ‫دة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬:
‫أ‬-‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬Primitive or originative organs:
‫و‬ ‫ة‬Undifferentiated–Unprogrammed stem cells‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬Yolk sac‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Fetal liver‫و‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬Bone marrow.
‫ب‬-‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬Maturation organs=Central=Primary:
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬Thymus‫أو‬ ‫وآ‬Bursa of Fabricius‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬Cloacal bursa.
‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬‫ا‬‫و‬"Lymphocytes"‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬‫ة‬‫ا‬
‫ه‬"‫وا‬"‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-T-Lymphocytes‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬Cell-mediated Immunity‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ه‬"‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
urosopoetin"‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-B-Lymphocytes‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Antibody-
mediated Immunity.
‫ج‬-‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬seeding organs=peripheral=Secondary:
‫ي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذآ‬‫ا‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬٣-٤‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬‫وأ‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Immune migration‫أو‬Peripheralization process‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫را‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬٦-٨‫ة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬
‫س‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫غ‬‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬:
١-‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬:
‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫دة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬
‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues "MALT"‫و‬:
-‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬Skin associated lymphoid tissue = SALT.
-‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬Gut associated LT = GALT.
-‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬Bronchial associated LT = BALT.
-‫أس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬Head associated LT = HALT.
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬Local antibodies‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬Mucosal or
Local Immunity‫ا‬ ‫اض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬.
٢-‫و‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬Uncapsulated lymphoid organs‫و‬:
-‫ردر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬Harderian gland:‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫او‬Medial canthus of the eye‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ول‬ ‫وأآ‬
١٦٩٤‫ا‬ ‫م‬‫ردر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬"١٦٥٦-١٧١١‫م‬"‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬-٢٠%‫وا‬-٨٠%‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫وأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫دا‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬.

2. -‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬Esophageal tonsils:‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬٦-٨‫ات‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬‫ا‬-‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬MHC-II‫و‬-‫و‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ذة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫س‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬:‫آ‬‫و‬‫س‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬Lymphoid follicles:‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬Payer's Patches‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬Lymphoid or annular rings:‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫دا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أر‬ ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬.
-s diverticlum'Mickel:‫ه‬‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬
‫وي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬‫وي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬١٠‫أه‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫اء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬-‫رد‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رب‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.
-‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬Cecal tonsils:‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬Ilieocecal junction‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬-٥٠%‫وا‬-٥٠%‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬Bone marrow:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آ‬.
٣-‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬Capsulated lymphoid organs:
-‫ل‬ ‫ا‬Spleen:‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬or burial groundGraveyard‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫وه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬:
-‫أ‬ ‫ب‬Red pulp:٤٥%‫اء‬ ‫دم‬ ‫و‬‫و‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬.
-‫أ‬ ‫ب‬White pulp:‫ا‬٥٥%‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫اد‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬-
٧٠%‫و‬‫ا‬-٣٠%‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫رال‬Mural Body:‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬Large lymphatic duct‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Pineal body:‫أس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫وه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ط‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬Hydroxyindole-
O-methyl transferase‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬

3. ‫ت‬ ‫آ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬ ‫آ‬‫وأ‬ ‫را‬‫و‬‫ك‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬‫ة‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫وا‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Lymph nodes:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫واردة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫درة‬ ‫و‬ ‫أو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬.
‫ا‬-‫وا‬-‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬:
‫ا‬‫ا‬-‫ا‬-
‫ردر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬٨٠%٢٠%
‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬٥٠%٥٠%
٨٠%٢٠%
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬٥٠%٥٠%
‫ل‬ ‫ا‬٣٠%٧٠%
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ر‬
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:
‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫م‬‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬.

4. ‫وه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:
‫أو‬-‫اء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬Avian red blood cells:
‫اة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬Nucleated‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫اة‬‫ده‬ ‫اوح‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬٢ ٥-٣‫ن‬/‫دم‬
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫وأ‬٣٥‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬٣٥-٤٥‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬٤٢‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬١٢٠‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬‫ذ‬
‫ا‬‫م‬‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ل‬‫اة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫اءه‬MHC-I‫و‬‫ن‬‫و‬.
-‫و‬ ‫ا‬Thrombocytes:
‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫ذ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اة‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ده‬‫اوح‬
٢٥-٣٠‫أ‬/‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫دم‬ ‫وا‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬
‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫آ‬‫ن‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زرق‬ ‫ا‬‫رك‬
‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬Phagocytosis.
-‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬Avian leucocytes:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫وا‬Total leucocytic count‫اوح‬١٦-٣٠‫أ‬/‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫وه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬:
‫أ‬-‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ء‬Granulocytic leucocytes:
‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اوح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ت‬٥-٧‫ف‬ ‫أ‬/
‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬:
١-‫ا‬‫و‬Microphages=Heterophils:
‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ه‬Polymorphnuclear heterophilic‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫ز‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬١٢‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫در‬‫ة‬‫ه‬‫ة‬‫م‬ ‫أ‬.
‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬:
-‫أو‬ ‫ت‬‫آ‬Primary granules‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ة‬bactericidal‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫ا‬Myeloproxidase.
-‫ت‬Secondary granules‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬‫آ‬Lactoferrin.

5. ‫اوح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬٤-٥‫ف‬ ‫أ‬/‫أي‬٢٠-٣٠%‫آ‬ ‫أ‬‫ات‬‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وو‬ ‫ا‬Phagocytosis.
‫وه‬‫ود‬‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫در‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درة‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬
‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ود‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ودة‬ ‫ا‬
‫م‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درة‬ ‫و‬ ‫را‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬
‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬Mononuclear-
phagocytic system‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫اد‬ ‫م‬ ‫وب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬Antigen-sensitive cells.
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Proteolytic enzymes‫وب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬.
٢-‫ا‬Eosinophils:
‫ه‬‫ء‬‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬Polymorphnuclear eosinophilic‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ن‬‫زم‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Eosin‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫وه‬١٢-١٧‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫وا‬‫ع‬ ‫در‬
‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ل‬ ‫اآ‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬٤-٥‫وه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬
‫ا‬ ‫ده‬ ‫داد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫وو‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Phagocytosis.
‫وه‬‫ودة‬‫رة‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫زوم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وو‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬‫ا‬Acid phosphatase‫وآ‬ ‫وا‬Peroxidase‫أآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إزا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫أن‬ ‫آ‬.
٣-‫زو‬ ‫ا‬Basophils:
‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ه‬Polymorphnuclear basophilic‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬٠ ٥-١‫أ‬/‫وا‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬-٢%‫آ‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ء‬
‫ا‬Phagocytosis.
‫ب‬-‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬Agranulocytic leucocytes:
‫ء‬ ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ا‬‫وا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬
‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اوح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬Total agranulocytic count١١-٢٣‫وا‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬:
١-‫ا‬Monocytes‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬Macrophages:
‫ده‬ ‫وو‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫أآ‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬)‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫و‬(.
‫و‬‫ا‬‫دة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬Langerhan's cell‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Histocyte‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Microglia‫آ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Von Kupffer
cells‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫أو‬Alveolar or septal cell‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬Monocyte-macrophage system‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬Reticuloendothelial system.
‫اوح‬ ‫و‬٢٥-٥٠‫ون‬‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬١ ٥‫أ‬/٥%‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وا‬
‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬Smooth contour‫ا‬ ‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫اءات‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬.

6. ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وه‬‫وب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أي‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬‫ا‬‫ء‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫أو‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ه‬
‫زا‬ ‫ا‬.
‫و‬‫أ‬‫ات‬ ‫و‬‫وا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬Fc‫رة‬ ‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬IgY‫وآ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬C3b‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬MCH-II.
‫و‬ ‫أه‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬:
-‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وإزا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫آ‬Chronic inflammations.
-‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬Ag presenting & processing‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اث‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-١‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬-‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬-٢‫ل‬ ‫ا‬
‫ون‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫م‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬.
٢-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ytesLymphoc:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ه‬
‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬Self‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Non-self‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬Immune memory
‫ده‬ ‫اوح‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬١٠-١٢‫و‬ ‫أ‬/‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫دم‬٢٠-٤٥%‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬.
‫آ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫وو‬‫آ‬‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬‫دي‬
‫د‬‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫وو‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬.
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬-T-Lymphocytes‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬-B-Lymphocytes‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬
‫ره‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫وا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫إ‬
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬:
i-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬)(Lymphocytes-T:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫س‬٧٠-٨٠%‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وران‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫م‬
‫وا‬‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫وهـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أي‬‫ا‬Cell-
mediated Immunity‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ادا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬-‫ا‬
Sensitized T-cells‫ة‬ ‫ذاآ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دور‬ ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ور‬.
‫و‬‫ا‬-‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬Subpopulation‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬-
‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬Regulatory Function‫وا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫و‬
‫ة‬ ‫و‬Effector Function‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫إ‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
Lymphokines‫و‬‫ا‬-‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬:
CD4-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬(MHC class-II)‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬.
CD8-‫ول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬(MHC class-I)‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬.
‫اع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وأه‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-‫ه‬:
-‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬Helper Cells-T:‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ورآ‬ ‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬CD4‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫دات‬ ‫ا‬Epitopes‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬Exogenous Antigens‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ون‬
MHC-II‫و‬‫وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:

7. -‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٢‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬-‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫إ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬‫ا‬-‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اث‬ ‫أ‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ا‬Glycoprotein‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫وس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رض‬‫ا‬ ‫ورة‬
‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫ا‬-‫ا‬Cytotoxic Cells-T:‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دورا‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫وآ‬‫ت‬ ‫د‬CD2 CD3 CD8‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أ‬
CD8‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫دات‬ ‫ا‬Epitopes‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Endogenous Antigens‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ون‬MHC-I.
-‫ا‬-‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬Suppressor Cells-T:‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬‫آ‬-٢‫ا‬ ‫وه‬‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫آ‬-‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫إ‬‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬-‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬
CD2 CD3 CD8‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أي‬CD8‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-‫ا‬
‫وا‬-‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬-‫ا‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫آ‬-
‫ا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫وث‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬Immune Tolerance‫ت‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬Cell-Delayed T:‫د‬ ‫آ‬4-CD‫د‬ ‫آ‬ ‫درا‬ ‫و‬8-CD‫ا‬ ‫دات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Epitopes
‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ون‬MHC-2‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬MHC-1‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫أ‬‫آ‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬‫ء‬ ‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬.
-‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬cells-Memory T:‫د‬ ‫ا‬4-CD‫و‬8-CD‫و‬‫وب‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.
ii-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-Lymphocytes-B:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬
urosopoetin‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬-٤‫آ‬ ‫وا‬-٥‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ردر‬ ‫ه‬.
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬١٥-٢٠%‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وه‬ ‫م‬‫ر‬-‫ه‬ ‫و‬"٥-٧
‫م‬ ‫أ‬"‫ا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫اذا‬-"‫ا‬ ‫ر‬"‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫د‬‫وه‬‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬
Primitive IgD.
‫وه‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Antibody-mediated Immunity‫ا‬ ‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬
‫إ‬ ‫و‬‫ز‬ ‫ا‬plasma cells‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ذاآ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬.
‫ث‬ ‫واذا‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ت‬-٢‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫وي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫م‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬١٣
١٠B-cell clones‫دة‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫وآ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬Fc receptor‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫رة‬Primitive IgD‫و‬
‫أ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ف‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Clone selection‫و‬Clone proliferation‫ل‬
‫ز‬Clone transformation‫م‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬Antibody formation.
‫ا‬-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫أ‬C3 receptor‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬
‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وب‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ذاآ‬‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫أو‬.
iii-‫ز‬ ‫ا‬Plasma Cells:‫ا‬-‫ا‬‫أو‬ ‫ة‬‫آ‬ ‫ة‬-٢
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ردر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫و‬.

8. ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Ovoid‫ه‬٨-٩‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زع‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬Unevenly
distributed chromatin‫و‬‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬Rough endoplasmic reticulum‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬
basic dyes‫و‬ ‫وا‬Pyronin‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬‫ع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أي‬
‫اوح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬٣-٤‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬٣-٤
‫أ‬.
‫درة‬ ‫وه‬٣٠٠‫يء‬‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫وا‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
Polyribosome‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬‫ا‬‫آ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬.
‫ت‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬-‫ذات‬-‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬ ‫ز‬
‫ا‬-‫ي‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬-
‫ة‬ ‫وذاآ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ره‬.
vi-‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬Memory Cells:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ه‬-‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬-
‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬ ‫ا‬‫ار‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وي‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اث‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-
١‫آ‬ ‫وا‬-٥‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وا‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬-‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ‫داد‬ ‫اه‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬Somatic mutation‫اد‬ ‫وأ‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫در‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬.
iv-‫ا‬‫ا‬Killer cells:‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫اث‬ ‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxcity (ADCC).
v-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬=Natural killer cells:‫أآ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬٣-٥%‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫م‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫د‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫وه‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫وه‬
-‫ا‬ ‫و‬-Non-T-Non-B Cells‫آ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬Null
Cells‫و‬‫و‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ج‬‫ط‬ ‫ار‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬MHC-I‫أو‬MHC-II‫م‬.
‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬T-cytotoxic cells‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫دا‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Antibody-
Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxcity (ADCC)‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬Staphylococcus aureus
‫و‬Salmonella typhimurium‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.
‫و‬‫ي‬ ‫اث‬Perforation‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬"‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬"Perforin‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ون‬Interferon-α‫آ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ون‬-٢‫ون‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
Interferon-α‫ن‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬Tumor necrosis factor =.
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Immunocompetence:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫أن‬‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Immuneocompetent cells‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫و‬:
‫ول‬ ‫ا‬-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬"‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫زو‬ ‫وا‬"‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬.
‫ا‬-‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.

9. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬:
-‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫ء‬"‫زو‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬"‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Antigen processing:‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬-.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Regulator cells:‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬Helper T-cells‫ا‬ ‫و‬Suppressor T-cells.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Effector cells:‫ا‬-‫ا‬Cytotoxic T-cells‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬Delayed T-cells.
-‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫زة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:‫ا‬-B-Lymphocytes‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Avian Cytokines:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬-‫وا‬-‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬
‫آ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬Chemical messengers‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫رات‬ ‫أ‬‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬
٩٠‫وف‬ ‫ع‬‫وأه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ول‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ول‬:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ز‬‫ا‬ ‫ف‬
‫ون‬ ‫ا‬Interferon-α‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫آ‬-‫ا‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-١Interleukin-1‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٢Interleukin-2‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬-‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬-
‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٣Interleukin-3
‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ء‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ا‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٤‫و‬٥Interleukin-4 & 5‫ا‬-‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬-‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٦Interleukin-6‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬-‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫أ‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٧Interleukin-7‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬Stroma‫ا‬-‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫أ‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-٨Interleukin-8‫ا‬-‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وا‬‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬Chemotaxis‫و‬.
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬-١٢‫و‬١٨Interleukin-12 &18
‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
‫وا‬-.
‫ا‬-‫ون‬ ‫ا‬ ‫از‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬.
‫ن‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Tumor
necrosis factor
‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬-
‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬-.

10. ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬: