Spain Psychology of Violence.ppt

Psychology of Violence
Spanish Team:
- Marta Benítez
- Mónica López
- José María García
-Juan Antonio Joya
- Curro Such
Dumbraveni, Romania, May 2016.

Why We Hurt
Other People ?
Dumbraveni, Romania, 16-20 May 2016.
Marta, Curro, Mónica, Jóse Mª, Juan A.

Where violence comes from?

Aggressive action is intentional behaviour aimed at
causing either physical or psychological pain.
* Hostile aggression: acts from feelings of anger to
produce pain.
* Instrumental aggression is aggression to get a goal
causing pain.
Definition of Aggression

Let´s hear it from Male Humans !

What Is Aggression?
Is Aggression Inborn, or Is it Learned?
Scientists do not agree on whether aggression is innate or
learned.
Hobbes (1651): Human beings are brutes and only by
enforcing the law and order of society can we curb this
natural instinct toward aggression.
Rousseau (1762): Human beings are gentle creatures and
it is a restrictive society that forces us to become hostile
and aggressive.

What Is Aggression?
Freud (1930): Postulated that humans have innate instincts
toward life, Eros, and towards death and aggression,
Thanatos.
Freud believed that aggressive energy must come out
somehow, lest it continue to build up and produce illness.
This is referred to as the hydraulic theory.

What Is Aggression?
Freud’s hydraulic theory: the theory that unexpressed
emotions build up pressure and must be expressed to
relieve the pressure.
Society regulates this instinct by helping people to
sublimate it—turn the destructive energy into acceptable
and useful behaviour.

Neural and Chemical Influences on
Aggression
* The amygdala is an area in the core of the brain
associated with aggressive behaviour in humans and lower
animals.
* When the area is stimulated, docile organisms become
violent, and when the neural activity is blocked, violent
organisms become docile.
* But, even when the amygdala is directly stimulated,
whether or not the organism aggresses depends on
situational factors.

Aggression
Testosterone
* Certain chemicals have been shown to influence
aggression in animals and in humans, testosterone for
example.
* Testosterone is a male sex hormone associated with
aggression.
(The injection of testosterone increased aggression in animals. )

Aggression
Testosterone
* A wide variety of studies have shown that men are more
aggressive than women.
* Male youth crime is almost three times that of the female
rate, for example.
* Are these differences due to biological differences, or to
social learning differences? We don’t know.

Aggression
Gender Differences
* Target of aggression is different for males compared to
females.
* Men’s aggression is generally directed at other men
(friends and strangers).
* Women’s aggression is much more likely to be directed
at a romantic partner, is less likely to involve alcohol
consumption, and tends to have a highly negative
emotional impact.

Aggression
Gender Differences
* It depends on culture.
* Young men showed greater violence than young women.
however
* Women from Australia and New Zealand produced more
violent responses than did men from Sweden and Korea.

Aggression
Alcohol
* Alcohol intoxication has been associated with violent
crimes, family violence, relationship violence, and air rage.
* Experimental studies suggest strongly that alcohol
ingestion causes aggression.
* Reduces our inhibitions. so that we are more likely to
perform behaviours that we would normally keep in check
* Increase aggressive behaviour. (thresthold).

Situational Causes of Aggression
Pain and Discomfort cause aggression.
* Certain situations are conducive to aggression—so
conducive that even the most docile person will resort
to aggression. Pain is one of these.
* Animal and human studies show that pain increases
the probability that an organism will aggress.

Frustration Causes Aggression
* Frustration : it happens when a person can not get an
expected goal or gratification.
* Frustration-aggression theory says that frustration will
increase the probability of an aggressive response.
* Relative deprivation is the perception that you (or your
group) have less than you deserve or less than people
similar to you have.

Social Exclusion
* Being excluded from a group of peers can lead to
considerable aggression in the laboratory.
* Changes in Social Conditions can make changes in
aggressive behaviour.

Imitation and Aggression
* Social learning theory: we learn social behaviour
(aggression) by observing others and imitating them
(Bandura)
* Children learn to solve conflicts aggressively by
imitating adults and peers.
* Children who experienced aggressive treatment at the
hands of their parents, they learn that violence is the
way to respond to conflict or anger.

The Effects of Watching Violence in the Media
* Learning through watching violence on TV makes
people more violent.
* Being exposed to violence on TV increases
aggressive behaviour in children.
* Violent video games contribute to violent behaviour.
* Exposure to violent video games increases aggressive
thoughts and behaviours.

Violent Pornography and Violence Against
Women
* Exposure to pornographic material increase the
incidence of sexual aggression.
* Exposure to violent pornography promotes greater
acceptance of sexual violence towards women, and
* Men who view violent pornography behave
aggressively toward women.

So, Causes of Violence are:
+ Testosterone / Amyddala (instints).
+ Alcohol and other drugs.
+ Pain & Discomfort.
+ Frustration (expected goals).
+ Social Exclusion.
+ Imitation. (Mass Media, TV, Video games, Films…)

Now the Question is How to
Reduce Violence? :
* The answer is in our Hands…
* The answer is in our Brains…
* The answer is in our Hearts…
* The answer is in Education…
* The answer is in the Society…

Spain Psychology of Violence.ppt

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