1. GANG STRENGTH
CALCULATION USING
RATIONAL FORMULA
Presented By
K.A.J.BABU , ADEN/E/KGP,S.E.RLY
C.NAGARAJU, AXEN/C/KRMR,S.C.RLY
Under the Guidance of
Sri. PRAVEEN KUMAR,P/C,IRICEN/PUNE
2. Gang strength
Gang strength calculation by
Maflin”s formula
Modified Maflin’s formula
Special Committee formula
Rational formulae
3. MAFLIN’S FORMULA
Adopted in 1931
No of gangmen required = Unit-per-
mile*2.5
Unit- per – mile depending on the traffic
carried
Man power factor is constant irrespective
of track gauge
4. Revised Maflin’s formula
Evolved by Lobo committee in 1959
Implemented in 1962
Gang strength was based on “Equated
Track Mile”
ETM depends on the traffic density, type
of formation, curved alignment and
annual rainfall
5. Special committee formula
Adopted in 1979
N = 0.95 * M * K * E
N is the no of gang men
M is man power factor ( 1.47 for B.G and 1.21 for
M.G and N.G)
K is the correction factor due to modernisation of
track,methods of maintenance
E is Equated Track Kilometre ( ETKM)
6. Special committee formula
Correction factor
Type of track Mmethod of
maitenance
Convent
,DTM,M
SP
Mechanised
Fish plated 1.00 0.80
SWR 0.95 0.75
LWR on ws/ms 0.85 0.60
LWR on psc - 0.50
7. WHY SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMULA
NEEDS REPLACEMENT
Gang is to carry out 12 activities and other 16 activities
are by engaging casual labourer
No uniformity of overall manpower per ETKM over the
railways
Maintance cost per ETKM is varying among Zonal
Railways
Decasualisation effect
Aspect of engagement of safaiwalas for filth removal
8. --Contd
Aspect of carrying out monsoon patrolling,
watching vulnerable locations and security
patrolling by out side agencies
Ageing of gang men
Absenteeism among gang men, as much as 60%
To identify the works to be executed through
contract to limit the manpower
Educational profile of the gangmen remains
deficient while mechanisation is increasingly
adopted
9. Modifying Special Committee formula
Railway Board in 1996 constituted a committee
Terms of reference
To study the special committee formula and suggest
modified formula
To take into account decasualisation done effect of
maintenance and track modernisation while modifying the
gang strenth formula
10. Categorisation of tracks
Non Sub urban sections
Machine Packed
Manually Packed
Sub urban section,Machine packed High
density
11. H D suburb section
Criteria for High Density Sub urban Section
The train frequency per hour, on any line or in a
sub section should exceed 8
The required maintenance works can be
completed only by way of availing night blocks
• PHOD is the competent authority to classify a
suburban section as ‘HDSL’
12. H D suburb sections
Special features of H D suburb section
High frequency of trains
Encroachments
Corridor night blocks and integrated mega blocks
Large number of turn outs
Lack of drainage
Extensive track circuits
13. CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITIES
PRIMARY MAINTENCE ACTIVITIES
Directly related to P Way maintenance
Need manpower based on the continuous length
of the track
AUXILLIARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
For upkeep of P Way as a whole
Need manpower based on the localised
problems,special features and geographical nature
of P way section
14. Classification -- contd
PRIMARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
Activity T – Affected by traffic density
Activity R – Routine in nature
AUXILLARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
Activity M – Miscellaneous
Activity S – Site specific
15. Activity T ( For machine packed
track)
T1 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T2 For Tie Tamper working
Pre-tamping operation
Along with tamper
Post tamping operations
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Repair Welding
16. Activity T ( For manually packed
track)
T1 Through packing
T2 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Creep pulling
17. Activity T ( For machine packed track
HD suburban)
T1 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T2 For Tie Tamper working
Pre-tamping operation
Along with tamper
Post tamping operations
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Repair Welding
18. Activity R ( For machine packed track)
R1 Lubrication of ERCs
R2 Shallow screening (1/5 length)
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R4 Overhauling of level crossing
R5 Watching caution spot and miscellaneous
R6 Tree cutting for visibility
R7 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R8 Accident relief and carcass removal
R9 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R10 Pre monsoon attention such as clearing of
drains, waterways, deweeding etc
R11 Creep pulling (approach of bridges and turn outs)
R12 Rectifying damage to LC
19. Activity R ( For manually
packed track)
R1 Lubrication of ERCs
R2 Shallow screening
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R4 Overhauling of level crossing
R5 Watching caution spot and miscellaneous
R6 Tree cutting for visibility
R7 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R8 Accident relief and carcass removal
R9 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R10 Pre monsoon attention
R11 Creep pulling
R12 Rectifying damafe to LC
20. Activity R ( For machine packed HD
suburban track)
R1 Through packing
R2 Shallow screening (1/5 length)
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R4 Lubrication of ERCs
R5 Overhauling of level crossing
R6 Watching caution spot and look out men
R7 Tree cutting for visibility
R8 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R9 Accident relief and carcass removal in run over cases
R10 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R11 Pre monsoon attention
R12 Creep pulling
R13 Rectifying damage to LC
R14 Painting of weld collars
R 15 Emergency attention
R 16 Extra sssistance to key man & B/smith
R17 Extra work in Night blocks
R 18 Extra assistance for S&T Items
21. Activity M
M1 Monsoon patrolling
M2 Hot weather patrolling
M3 Cold weather patrolling
M4 Watching vulnerable locations
M5 Gate keeping at level crossings
M6 Rest giving for keyman
M7 Waterman duty
M8 Store watchman duty
22. Activity S
S1 Tunnel maintenance
S2 Bridge substructure maintenance
S3 Long girder maintenance
S4 Extra due to sharp curves, deep cutting etc
S5 Track on extremely bad formation
S6 Lookout man duty
S7 Fog signal man duty
S8 Filth removal from track
S9 Security patrolling
S10Watching of water level in suburban section
23. Work to be done through contract
1. Formation treatment
2. Ballasting
3. Deep screening
4. Sub ballast and ballast layer
5. Heavy repair to track including lifting
6. TRR,TSR,TFR
7. Complete ROC
8. Complete renewal of P&C , SEJs , traps
9. Resurfacing of crossing and switch rails
10. Loading/unloading of P way material in bulk
11. Lorrying of P way materials in bulk
12. Security of material in depot which is closed and
locked
24. Work to be done through contract
13. Painting of rails and weld collars
14. Painting of bridge girders
15. Heavy repair to formation, cutting,side drains &c/w
drains
16. Providing and reparing road surface at LC
17. Heavy repair to bridges, protecion works,river
training works and tunnels
18. Removal of major sand breaches
19. Restoration works following breaches, accidents
20. Clearing of vegetation in P/F and in the vicinity of
tracks in coaching and goods yards, repairs to
depots and work shops of Engg, Mech, Elec and
S&T
25. Authority for certifying the correctness of factors in
activities M & S
No of mandays for monsoon patrolling – CTE/CBE
Need for hot/ cold patrolling – CTE
No.of days for watching vulnerable locations-
CTE/CBE
Need for store w/man duty – Sr DEN/C00RD
Existance of extremely bad formation – CTE
Track Stretches with poor visibility – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for fog signal duty – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for removal of filth – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for security patrol – Sr DEN/Coord
No of days for watching water level in suburb-
SrDEN/Co
27. Rational formulae
How the manpower requirement arrived at?
Activties T & R
For Main line
Norms as per the actual manpower utilised on
various sections on various zones and analyzing
the same scientifically
Periodicity of shallow screening has been
changed to 5 yr instead of 3 yr
Average spacing of the LC has been taken as 1.5
km
Quantum of work in shallow screening in PSC
sleeper track is 4 sl / head
28. Contd
For RYL and NRYL
1 KM of NRYL is taken as equivalent to 2/3
km of RYL
Factors A,B and C are not considered
Considered as ‘R’ activity
29. MACHINE PACKED “BG”
(NON SUBURBAN)
MANDAYS REQUIREMENT/YEAR/KM.
Activity “T” : (80 +2.3GMT)*(1+A+B+C)
Activity “R” : 159
»“R” Modified with (+) 28 as per
Board’s letter
»+28 on a/c of overhauling 4 sleeper
instead of 6 per man for concrete
sleepers
30. Rational formulae
MANDAYS REQD. FOR ACTIVITY- T,
MACHINE PACKED
(NON- SUBURBAN) GMT-20
65
Total T1
10
As reqd.
MINOR CURVE
REALIGNMENT
4
6x8/12
6 times/yr., 8
sl/SEJ, 12 sl/head
SEJ (1 No. PER KM)
16
12x4x4/12
12 GJ/LJ 4 TIMES,
4sl/jts 12 sl/head
LOW JOINTS (FP OR
WELDED),GJ
35
1660/(4x12)
12 SL./HEAD, ¼
LENGTH
BAD SPOTS
‘T1’ SLACK ATTENTION
MD
Requirement
Norm
Activity
31. Rational formulae
MANDAYS REQD. FOR ACTIVITY- T,
MACHINE PACKED (NON-
SUBURBAN) GMT-20
10
20/2
20 men/Km
PRE-TAMPING
OPERATIONS
27
Total T2
14
28/2
28 men/Km
POST TAMING
OPERATIONS
3
10x6/(10x2)
10 men for one
week for 10 Km
gang length
ALONG WITH TAMPER
2 year cycle
T2- FOR TIE TAMPER
WORKING
MD
Requirement
Norm
Activity
32. Rational formulae
MANDAYS REQD. FOR ACTIVITY- T,
MACHINE PACKED
(NON- SUBURBAN) GMT-20
126
Total T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
12
12 men per failure/year
T4- Repair Welding
6
60/10
60 mandays /gang
length of 10 Km.
Rails
22
Total T3
10
100/10
100 mandays /gang
length of 10 Km.
Fastening
6
60/10
60 mandays /gang
length of 10 Km.
Sleepers
T3- Casual Renewal
MD
Require
ment
Norm
Activity
T= 80 + 2.3 GMT= 80 + 2.3 * 20 = 126
33. Rational formulae
MANDAYS REQD. FOR ACTIVITY- R,
MACHINE PACKED
(NON- SUBURBAN) GMT-20
4
,,
R7- Lubrication of Rails
in curves
10
,,
R6- Tree cutting for
visibility
10
Field data
R5- Watching caution
spots
13
20/1.5
1 LC/ 1.5 Km, 20 men/lc
R4- Over hauling of LC
20
Field data
R3-Loading, Leading &
unloading
55
1660/(5*6)
6 sl/head, 1/5 length
R2- Shallow Screening
2
Assistance to K-man
R1- Lubrication of ERC
MD
Require
ment
Norm
Activity
34. Rational formulae
MANDAYS REQD. FOR ACTIVITY- R,
MACHINE PACKED
(NON- SUBURBAN) GMT-20
159
TOTAL R
2
,,
R12- Rectifying damage to LC gates and
posts
5
,,
R11- Creep Pulling
18
,,
R10- Pre monsoon attention like waterway
clearance, cess repair, deweeding etc
10
,,
R9- Bridge sleeper attention and removal
10
Field
data
R8- Accident Relief- Carcass removal
MD
Require
ment
Norm
Activity
35. Rational formulae
MANUALLY PACKED “BG”
(NON SUBURBAN)
MANDAYS REQUIREMENT/YEAR/KM.
Activity “T” : (223+8.24GMT)*(1+A+B+C)
Activity “R” : 168
»+28 on a/c of overhauling 4
sleeper instead of 6 per man for
concrete sleepers
39. Rational formulae
RUNNING YARD LINE(RYL) and
NON RUNNING YARD LINE(NRYL)
RLY mandays are 74 % to 79% of R & T activities for
mainline with “0” GMT
NRYL mandays are 2/3rd of RLY mandays
Factors A, B, C not to be applied
*This includes equivalent MMU mandays
102
152
198
-
NRYL
153
228
297
177*
RYL
NG
Manually
packed
MG
Manually
packed
Manually
packed
Machine
packed
BG
40. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“M”
M.1 Monsoon
Patrolling
N: Total No. of beat-lengths
D: No.of days needing patrolling
in a year in the nth beat length.
b: No.of beats in the nth beat
length.
s: No. of shifts in the nth beat
length
m: No.of men in each shift in the
nth beat-length =2 in area
infested with wild animals/
terrorists; otherwise m=1.
1 to N
m
s
b
D
41. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“M”
M.2 Hot weather
patrolling of
LWR track
Lw X 30
M.3 Cold weather
patrolling of
LWR track
Lw X 12
Lw: Length of LWR track in
km, on single line basis
42. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“M”
M.4 Watching
vulnerable
locations
1 to N
M.5 Gate keeping
at level
crossings
1 to N
N: No. of vulnerable locations
s: No.of duty shifts at the nth
location
d:No.of days of watching at the
nth location in a year.
N: No. of Engg level crossings
s: No.of duty shifts at the nth
level crossing
Ng: No. of Engg Gatekeeper
posts sanctioned
(Excluding LR)
d
s
Ng
s 294
*
365
43. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“M”
M.6 Rest giving
for keymen
K(365-294)
M.7 Waterman
duty
N * 294
M.8 Store-
watchman
duty
N * 3 * 365
K: No. of Keyman beats
N: No. of Gangs
N: No. of stores in addition to
SSE HQ (Not more than 2)
44. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.1 Tunnel
Maintenance
1.2* 0.29*
1 to N
S.2 Bridge
substructure
maintenance
1.1* 0.29*
1 to N
N: No. of tunnels
l: length of the nth
tunnel, in metre
r: No.of tracks in the
nth tunnel.
N: No.of bridges
b: Lineal waterway of the nth
bridge, in metre
r: No. of tracks on the nth bridge.
r
l
r
b
45. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.3 Long Girder
Maintenance
0.64*
1 to N
S.4 Sharp curves
> 3 D in BG
> 6 D in MG
Lc * 294
N: No. of bridges each having
more than 150m lineal
waterway
b: Lineal waterway of the nth
bridge, in metre
r: No. of tracks on the
nth bridge
Lc: Total Length of such curve
r
b
46. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.5 Track
maintenance
in extremely
bad formation
0.6 *
1 to N
S.6 look out man
294
1 to N
N: No.of locations where
track needs more than
4 attentions in a year
l: length of track in the nth
location, in metres
N: No. of gangs
v: length of track with poor
visibility in the nth gang length
g: length of the nth gang
g
v /
l
47. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.7 Fog signalman
Mf / 3
S.8 Filth removal
from track
f * 294
S.9 Security
Patrolling
Ms / 3
Mf: Total Mandays actually utilised
in past three years
f: No. of gangs having this kind of
problem
Ms: Total Mandays actually
utilised in past three years
48. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.10 Watching
water level in
suburban
sections
1 to N
N: No.of locations where flooding
of track occurs in rainy season,
due to water entering from
built-up area outside.
s:No.of shifts required at the nth
location.
d:No. of days requiring watching
at the nth location. Normally s =
2; d= 60 in Mumbai suburban
sections.
d
s
49. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY
“S”
S.10 Watching
water level in
suburban
sections
1 to N
N: No.of locations where flooding
of track occurs in rainy season,
due to water entering from
built-up area outside.
s:No.of shifts required at the nth
location.
d:No. of days requiring watching
at the nth location. Normally s =
2; d= 60 in Mumbai suburban
sections.
d
s
50. EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF
SPECIAL LAYOUTS
a) Same as per SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMULA
Turnout 0.1 Km
Diamond 0.1 Km
Diamond crossing with single slip 0.15 Km
Diamond crossing with double slips 0.2 Km
Cross over 0.2 Km
Three-throw 0.2 Km
Scissors cross-over 0.5 Km
Trap 0.02 Km
Double trap 0.04 Km
51. MULTIPLYING FACTORS
Factor As per Special
Committee
As per MCNTM
A 0.1 and 0.2 for bad and
very bad formations
Same
B =0.25 for > 1.5 D for BG
> 3 D for MG
> 5 D for NG
Linear from 0 to 0.25 for
1 to 2 D for BG,
2 to 4 D for MG
3 to 7 D for NG
thereafter constant at 0.25
C =0 up to rainfall of 200 cm
=0.1 for rainfall of 200 cm
=Linear from 01 to 0.2 for
rainfall 200 to 300cm
=0.2 for rainfall > 300 cm
=0 up to rainfall of 150 cm
= Linear from 0 to 0.2 for
rainfall 150 to 300cm
=0.2 for rainfall > 300 cm
52. SUMMARY
TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY
“T”
MD/KM
ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG
(NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
(223+8.24*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 168
MAC. PACKED BG
(HD - SUB URBAN)
(115+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 398
MAN. PACKED MG (160+13.56*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 128
MAN. PACKED NG (105+188*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91
53. SUMMARY
TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY
“T”
MD/KM
ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG
(NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
(223+8.24*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 168
MAC. PACKED BG
(HD - SUB URBAN)
(115+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 398
MAN. PACKED MG (160+13.56*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 128
MAN. PACKED NG (105+188*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91
54. SUMMARY
TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY
“T”
MD/KM
ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG
(NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
(223+8.24*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 168
MAC. PACKED BG
(HD - SUB URBAN)
(115+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 398
MAN. PACKED MG (160+13.56*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 128
MAN. PACKED NG (105+188*GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91
55. SUMMARY
Staff strength arrived at by rational formulae
does not include
– LR of 12.5 %
– Posts of Gateman, Mates, Keymen, Artisans, Artisan
helpers, Trollyman, Storeman
– USFD team
– Machine Staff for maintenance or operation
Report recommended 2% training reserve, Board yet
to take final view
56. MMU STAFF
Work load catered by MMU (Machine Packed only)
Main Line Activity
T= 80 + 2.3* GMT
For GMT of 20,
T=126
Bad spots 35 out of 35
Low joints 10 out of 16
SEJ 2 out of 4
Curves 6 out of 10
Casual renewal rail 2 out of 6
Casual sleeper rail 2 out of 6
Repair welding 6 out of 12
63 I.e 50%
40+1.15
GMT
Main Line activity
R= 159
Loading Unloading 12 out of 20
OH of LC 13 out of 13
Bridge sleeper renewal 7 out of
10
Creep pulling 3 out of 5
35
57. MMU STAFF
Work load catered by MMU (Machine Packed only)
Running Yard Line
R=177
Bad spots 14 out of 14
Low joints 5 out of 8
Curves 2 out of 6
Casual renewal rail 2 out of 3
Casual sleeper renewal 2 out of 3
Loading Unloading 10 out of 15
35
Gross Equivalent MMU
Mandays i.e GEMM
= Lm(40+1.15 GMT) (1+A+B+C)
+ 35 Lm + 35 Ly
Exp. on MMU 80 % of Emoluments of GEMM=
Annualized cost of SEMMU + Annual
emoluments of MMU staff
58. CONCEPT OF EMKM
Committee has proposed Equated Manpower
KM (EMKM) as performance unit in place of
ETKM
EMKM is defined as numerical equivalent to
0.6 times the number of gang man required
for activities T, R, M, S
– EMKM has been defined based on a
compensator p-way section requiring 1.66
men/KM
59. RATIONAL FORMULAE
How these are different ?
Zero based approach has been adopted
Formulae have been evolved on rational basis
14 non – suburban sections and 3 HD suburban sections
have been studied on 7 Zonal Railways (
NR,ER,WR,SR,CR,SER,SCR) through direct interaction
with the field Engineers
60. Rational formulae
What is new ?
Mandays per annum per km for each activity are computed instead
of man power factor
Man power requirement for T & R activities is same irrespective of
the type of sleepers and type of rails i.e., F.P,SWR,LWR
All the sub activities of maintenance of RYL and NRYL are
categorised under activity R (Routine maintenance )
Flexible to encourage formation of Mobile Maintenance Units (
MMUs)
Concept of Equated Manpower Kilometre (EMKM) introduced
EMKM = 0.6 ( G/men per km as per Rational formulae )
61. Rational formula
Conclusions
1. As the formulae are arrived at more rationally, there will be saving in the
manpower and at the same time ensures equitable distribution of
manpower in accordance with the work load.
2. The adoption of rational formulae ensures uniformity of manpower
provision commensurate with work load.
3. Optimisation of manpower can be achieved
4. uniform degree of track maintenance and equitable allotment of funds.
5. The concept of EMKM enables to evaluate the manpower requirement
for optimal utilization
6. The formulae are more flexible to allow for redistribution of strength of
the various gangs as per the age profile of track.
7. The formulae allows for introduction of Mobile Maintenance Units