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Food as Medicine: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum
1. FOOD AS MEDICINE:
TOMATO,
SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM
By
Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD
Former Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
University of Miami, Miami, FL. USA
Email: kevinng68@gmail.com
A Slide Presentation for HealthCare Provider Seminar Nov. 2019
2. Outline of Lecture
▪ History of origin of tomato
▪ Production and consumption
▪ Scientific classification
▪ Anatomy, nutrient composition
▪ Lycopene
▪ Bioavailability
▪ Pharmacology
▪ Meta-analysis
▪ Summary
3. How did the tomato get its name?
▪ The tomato is the edible, red, berry of
the plant Solanum lycopersicum,
commonly known as a tomato plant.
▪ The species originated in western South
America and Central America.
▪ The Nahuatl (Aztec language) word
tomatl gave rise to the Spanish word
tomate, from which the English word
tomato derived.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato
4. Milestones in the history of tomato
Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato
5. Number of publications on lycopene, lycopene-prostate,
lycopene-cancer and lycopene-cardiovascular in
PubMed from 1980 to 2018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lycopene+cancer
6. World Map for Largest tomato producing countries
https://gardeningfan.com/top-10-tomato-producing-countries-tomato-production/
7. Top Tomato Consuming Countries in the World (2015)
https://www.indexbox.io/blog/which-country-consumes-the-most-tomato-in-the-world/
8. Top 10 vegetables sold in the U.S. 2018
https://www.pma.com/content/articles/2017/05/top-20-fruits-and-vegetables-sold-in-the-us
Tomato
9. Classification of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=SOLY2
10. What Are the Different Types of Tomatoes?
▪ Tomato plant sizes
▪ Indeterminate tomato plants: vining plants that continue
growing in length throughout the growing season.
▪ Determinate tomato plans: grow to a fixed mature size and ripen
all their fruit in a short period, usually about 2 weeks.
▪ Hybrid vs Heirloom
▪ Hybrid tomato plants: crossbreed plants made by man.
▪ Heirloom tomato plants: open pollinated plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/GrowYourOwnNevada/gr
ow-your-own-nevada-spring-2013-seeds-vs-starts
11. Difference between Determinate and Indeterminate Tomatoes
Determinate Indeterminate
https://www.thespruce.com/determinate-and-indeterminate-tomatoes-2540020
12. TOMATO FLOWER & FRUIT STRUCTURE
https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/tomato-flower-fruit-structure-fertilized-ovary/
13. Nutrient composition of raw ripe tomato
based on 100 g
https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/342502/nutrients
14. Groups of bioactive compounds of tomatoes.
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/111142/2/257843.pdf
Leaf and stem
15. Phytochemical composition of raw ripe tomato
based on 100 g raw ripe tomato
https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/342502/nutrients
Lycopene
16. Concentration of lycopene depending on
variety and stage of tomato maturity. (2018)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol.
72 (2018), No. 2 (713), pp. 85–90. DOI: 10.2478/prolas-2018-0014
17. Effects of heating method on lycopene content
in tomato waste
https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijps.2018.63.70
18. What is Lycopene?
▪ Lycopene is a chemical compound found in tomatoes, red fruits and vegetables.
▪ It is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon with no vitamin A activity.
▪ It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids.
19. Two shapes of Lycopene
Shape bent straight
Absorption 55 x more needs solubilization
Tissue mostly cis form 95% in red tomatoes
https://www.aicr.org/cancer-research-update/2015/10_14/cru_Heat-Shape-and-Type-Increasing-Lycopene-Absorption.html
20. Isomer composition of lycopene from
various sources (as % of total lycopene)
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agns/pdf/jecfa/cta/67/lycopene.pdf
21. Bioavailability and Kinetics of Lycopene (2017)
▪ The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers.
▪ It is believed that lycopene was absorbed by passive diffusion as lipids.
▪ Once inside the enterocyte, lycopene is packaged with other dietary lipids into
chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system for transport to the liver.
▪ It is transported by the lipoproteins into the plasma for distribution to the different
organs.
▪ The elimination half-life for total lycopene ranged from 28.1 to 61.6 h.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lycopene
22. Absorption and distribution of lycopene
Systemic
circulation
10 mg all-trans lycopene cis-lycopene > all-trans lycopene in tissues
Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lycopene
10-30%
absorption
25. Enhanced absorption of formulated LYSOSOME GA LYCOPENE
Enhanced absorption
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.734
5X
26. Enhanced absorption of LYSOSOME GA LYCOPENE
suppressed inflammation and oxidized LDL
Enhanced absorption
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.734
5X
27. Anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene on the mRNA expression of
TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated SW480 cells (2017)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5376536/
28. Lycopene reduces cholesterol absorption through the
downregulation of Niemann‐Pick C1‐like 1 in Caco‐2 cells (2015)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.201500221
cholesterol
This study provides the first evidence that lycopene inhibits
cholesterol absorption in the intestinal cells
Caco-2 cells has been used as a model for intestinal absorption
29. Lycopene inhibition of molecular pathways involved in
cholesterol metabolism. (2012)
https://www.karger.com/article/pdf/342077
30. Lycopene suppresses inflammatory TNF-α in cancer cells
normal prostatic epithelial cells:
PrEC
carcinoma cancer cells :
LNCaP,
PC3,
DU145
http://www.ajandrology.com/viewimage.asp?img=AsianJAndrol_2019_21_1_80_240740_f2.jpg
31. Lycopene inhibits growth of human colon cancer cells via
suppression of the Akt signaling pathway. (2008)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537129
32. Possible lycopene intervention in the carcinogenic process
Inflammatory cytokines
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Multiple-Molecular-and-Cellular-Mechanisms-of-of-
in-Trejo-Sol%C3%ADs-Pedraza-Chaverri/c49c99c989ef65f2b4070d286837858e750db19f
33. TOMATO AND HUMAN HEALTH
▪ Tomato Consumption Improves the Oxidative Status
▪ Tomato Suppresses the NF-κB Activation and Reduces Inflammation
▪ Tomato Reduces Inflammation Linked to Obesity, Diabetes and Cholesterol
▪ Tomato Prevents Cardiovascular Diseases, Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
▪ Tomato has Antitumour and Anticarcinogenic Properties
▪ Tomato Protects Liver from Hepatotoxicity and Hepatocarcinogenesis
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/111142/2/257843.pdf
35. Recommended dosage of lycopene
▪ There is no recommended daily intake of lycopene
▪ Lycopene administered as a pure compound has been
studied in clinical trials at dosages of 8 to 75 mg/day.
▪ Lycopene is primarily available in capsule and softgel
form, with dosage guidelines from manufacturers ranging
from 10 to 30 mg taken twice daily with meals.
▪ The synthetic lycopene contains approximately 70% of
all-trans-lycopene, up to 23% of 5-cis-lycopene, and
minor quantities of other cis-isomers.
https://www.drugs.com/npp/lycopene.html
36. Meta-analysis of effect of lycopene on
cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases
▪ Prostate cancer
▪ Ovarian cancer
▪ Colorectal cancer
▪ Type 2 diabetes mellitus
▪ Hyperlipidemia
▪ High Blood pressure
▪ Cardiovascular disease
37. What is meta-analysis: evidence-based medicine
https://rdfeinman.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/meta-anal_whatis.png
38. Example of a Meta-analysis: Hierarchy of evidence in clinical studies
use of statistical methods to summarise the results of these studies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049418/
Example
39. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced
prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017)
https://www.nature.com/articles/pcan201725?draft=journal
40. Overall analysis of the association between tomato
consumption and prostate cancer risk. (2016)
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep37091
41. Association between blood α-carotene and lycopene levels and
risk of advanced Prostate Cancer (2015)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140415
42. The association between dietary lycopene and ovarian cancer (2014)
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep04885
43. Lycopene Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer:
A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies (2016)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472298
44. Effect of lycopene on type 2 diabetes mellitus:
A meta-analysis (2011)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22411366
45. Effect of lycopene on serum cholesterol and blood pressure:
Meta-analyses of intervention trials (2010)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512210004469
46. Lycopene Supplement and Blood Pressure:
An Updated Meta-Analysis of Intervention Trials (2013)
Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798929/
WMD=weighted mean difference
47. Dietary and circulating lycopene and stroke risk:
a meta-analysis of prospective studies (2014)
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05031
48. Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence 2019
High-intakes or high-serum concentration of lycopene
are associated with significant reductions in the
▪ risk of stroke (26%),
▪ mortality (37%) and
▪ CVDs (14%).
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/10408398.2017.1362630?scroll=top&needAccess=true
49. Lycopene status in Europe and the United States
▪ European Food Safety Authority concluded that evidence was insufficient
for lycopene having antioxidant effects in humans, particularly in skin,
heart function, or vision protection from ultraviolet light
▪ The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that there was no
credible evidence supporting a beneficial relationship between lycopene
consumption and cancers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopene
50. Summary
▪ The tomato is the edible red, berry of the plant Solanum
lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant.
▪ A raw ripe tomato contains macronutrients, micronutrients
(vitamins and minerals) and phytochemicals.
▪ Lycopene is the major phytochemical with antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective properties.
▪ However, the results of clinical studies are mixed and no
conclusion has been provided by European Food Safety
Authority and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),