Artificial Intelligence- Introduction, Scope, Problems of AI, Approaches to overcome them. Applications of AI Healthcare and Pharmacy.

1. Atul Adhikari
M.Pharm, 2nd Semester
Assam Down Town University, Guwahati

2. Introduction
Intelligence of machines and the branch of computer
science which aims to create it.
“Machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any
work a man can do.” –Herbert Simon, 1965(AI
innovator)
Three elements of AI
Massive amount of data
Sophisticated algorithms
High performance parallel
processors
Three Steps
Computers and
programs
The Turing test
The Darmont
Conference
2Artificial Intellegence

3. Problems of AI/ Challenges
Reasoning, Problem Solving
Knowledge representation
Planning
Learning
Natural language processing
Perception
Motion manipulation
Social Intelligence
Creativity
General Intelligence
Approaches
Cybernetics
Symbolic
Statistical
Integrating the approaches
Applications
Healthcare and Medicines
Automotive
Finance and economic
Video Games
Heavy Industries
Robotics
3Artificial Intellegence

4. AI in Healthcare
Managing Medical Records and other data
Doing repetitive jobs
Treatment Design
Digital Consultation
Virtual Nurses
Medication Management
Drug Discovery
Precision Medicine
Healthcare Monitoring
Healthcare System Analysis
4Artificial Intellegence

5. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Robot-assisted Surgery
Virtual Nurshing…
Adm. workflow Assistance
Fraud detection
Dosage error Detection
Connected Machines
CT Participant Identifier
Preliminary Diagnosis
Advance Image Diagnosis
Cybersecurity
Fig: Estimated potential annual benefit for each
application by 2026(in billon USD)
estimated potential
annual benefit for each
application by 2026(in
billon USD)
Source: Accenture Analysis
Total= $150 Billions
5Artificial Intellegence

6.  Many big Pharmaceutical companies began investing
in AI in order to develop better diagnostics or
biomarkers, to identify drug targets and to design new
drugs and products.
 Merck partnership with Numerate in March 2012
focusing on generating novel small molecule drug
leads for unnamed cardiovascular disease target.
 In december, 2016 Pfizer and IBM announced
partnership to accelerate drug discovery in immuno-
oncology.
Current Scenario
6Artificial Intellegence

7. Disease Identification
 2015- Report by Pharmaceutical Research and
Manufacturers of America- more than 800 drugs and
vaccines are in trial phase to treat cancer.
 Google’s DeepMind Health, announced multiple
partnerships including some eye hospitals in which
they are developing technology to address macular
degeneration in aging eyes.
 Oxford’s Pivital® Predicting Response to Depression
Treatment (PReDicT) project is aiming to produce
commercially-available emotional test battery for use
in clinical setting.
7Artificial Intellegence

8. Personalized Treatment
 Micro biosensors and devices, mobile apps with more
sophisticated health-measurement and remote
monitoring capabilities; these data can further be used
for R&D.
 DermCheck; app available in Google play store in
which images are sent to dermatologists(human not
machines)
8Artificial Intellegence

9. Drug Discovery/Manufacturing
 From initial screening of drug compounds to predicted
success rate based on biological factors.
 R&D discovery technology; next-generation
sequencing.
 Previous experiments are used to train the model
 Optimization softwares (example: FormRules)
 Designing of the processes
9Artificial Intellegence

10. Clinical Trial Research
 Machine learning- to shape, direct clinical trials
 Advanced predictive analysis in identifying candidates
for clinical trials
 Remote monitoring and real time data access for
increased safety; biological and other signals for any
sign of harm or death to participants.
 Finding best sample sizes for increased efficiency;
addressing and adapting to differences in sites for
patient recruitments; using electronic medical records
to reduce data errors.
10Artificial Intellegence

11. Epidemic Outbreak Prediction
 To predict malaria outbreaks, from data like
temperature, average monthly rainfall, total number of
positive cases, etc.
 ProMED-mail is a internet based reporting program
for monitoring emerging diseases and providing
outbreak reports.
11Artificial Intellegence

12. Radiology and Radiotherapy
 Google’s DeepMind Health is working with University
College London Hospital (UCLH) to develop machine
learning algorithms capable of detecting differences in
healthy and cancerous tissues.
12Artificial Intellegence

13. Smart Electronic Health Records
 AI to help diagnosis, clinical decisions, and
personalized treatment suggestions.
 Handwriting recognition and transforming cursive or
other sketched handwriting into digitized characters.
13Artificial Intellegence

14. Regulating Use of Artificial Intelligence
in Digital Health Products
 Incomplete insight from US FDA for products utilizing AI.
 Medical devices provisions of Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act-1970s
 FDA created Digital Health Program tasked with
developing and implementing a new regulatory model for
digital health technology.
 Over the last five years different guidelines like Mobile
Medical Applications Guidelines.
14Artificial Intellegence

15. AI in Clinical Research
 Cutting costs
 Improving trial quality
 Improving trial time by almost half
 Finding biomarkers and gene signatures that cause
diseases
 Recruiting trial patients in minutes
 Reading volumes of text and data in seconds
 On verse of discovering involving new diagnostic tools
and treatments for Alzimer’s disease, cancer, and other
chronic and terminal illness.
15Artificial Intellegence

16. References
 B Aksu, A Paradkar; Quality by design approach: Application of
Artificial Intellegence Techniques of Tablets Manufactured by Direct
Compression; PharmsciTech; 2012; 13(4); 1138-1146
 JA Dimasi, RW Hansen; The price of innovation: new estimates of drug
development costs. J Health Econ; 2003;22(2);151-185
 S Behjati and PS Tarpey; What is next generation sequencing?; Arch
Dis Child Pract Ed;2013; 98(6); 236-238
 https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2017.1380516
 http://artint.info
 http://www.fda.gov
 http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com
16Artificial Intellegence