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ICT4D_Lecture5_Infrastruct
- 1. ICT infrastructure in low resources settings Slides by Christophe Guéret (@cgueret) and Victor de Boer ICT4D 2023
- 2. Christophe Guéret • Previously postdoc researcher @ VU – Semantic XO – Kasadaka • Lead AI Research Scientist at Accenture – Tech4Good
- 3. What to expect from this lecture Overview of low-resource infrastructures Introduction of some technological solutions Highlight of "do"s and "don't"s Kasadaka platform
- 4. ICT ‘here’ and ‘there’ Same/similar data needs and expectations but... Here: push technology, usage will (sometimes) follow There: spot usage and find matching technology Direct implications to keep in mind: The best infrastructure is not necessarily the one with the highest specifications Cloning what we enjoy here will most probably not work there
- 5. A model for technology-enhanced communication Need to pay attention to all of them in their context Software Computing device Network Software Computing device
- 6. Embedding the users Software Computing device Network Software Computing device
- 7. Bring the ICT to the users, or the inverse Two types of deployment It is possible to hybridise the approaches
- 8. An internet café is an example of… A. Bringing ICT to users B. Bringing users to ICT C. Hybrid approach
- 9. Laptops for schools projects are examples of… A. Bringing ICT to users B. Bringing users to ICT C. Hybrid approach
- 10. Examples oCommunity computer center o Internet café o Internet Kiosk o"Computer room" in schools Advantages o One installation impact many users oCentralisation of infrastructural needs Disadvantages oConcentration of valuable items o Typically high installation costs o Harder to embed into culture / habits Bring the users to the ICT http://www.ruralinternetkiosks.com/
- 11. Examples o laptops for schools (OLPC) o (Smart) phones and tablets Advantages o"Personal" relationship with the device o De-centralisation of resource usage Disadvantages o One device per person o Higher deployment costs Bring the ICT to the users
- 12. What's best to do? Very much depending on the context oEasy access to a central location? oWhat kind of usage for the devices? It is possible to hybridise the approaches o e.g.: use laptops and print in a cyber-café Also think of embedding other communication channels o Prints o USB sticks o Analog answering machine
- 13. In any case, remember that oDevices will have to be serviced on spot oTraining individuals to operate something is costly oNot everything is available everywhere oUptake will be better from involved communities -> Participatory design Thus, to increase chances of success, Source material and expertise locally as much as possible "Colonialism 2.0" Use local expertise and materials
- 14. Ship baby incubator to developing countries Big failure $40000 per unit Hard to find spare parts Closed design Need skilled staff Example: baby incubator
- 15. Build baby incubator in, and for, developing countries NeoNurture $1000 per unit Car parts Open design Need staff able to repair and use a car Example: baby incubator https://www.designthatmatters.org/past-projects
- 17. Failure Fragile Expensive Demanding Unfit software Example: laptops for school children
- 18. Started in 2005 “$100,- laptop” ($200) get-one-give-one programme
- 19. XO-1 (.75) and XO-4
- 22. What are elements of a computer that need power?
- 23. Some of the things to power up oPower supply oCPUs and GPUs oScreens / Lights oPrinting devices oStorage devices oNetworking devices oCooling devices Electricity consumption
- 24. Varies a lot depending on the CPU class and internal architecture (Intel / ARM) Indicated through the Thermal design power or TDP value Consumption of a CPU Server Desktop Netbook Smart phone 69 to 150 W 19 to 73 W 0.65 to 13 W 0.5 to 2 W
- 25. Varies depending on the technology Consumption of a Screen 0.4 to 1.7 W http://pixelqi.com
- 26. Essentially depends on the technology Not having movable parts is better Consumption of storage device
- 28. Using electricity from the grid Pluses oStable, and affordable, source Minuses oHigh throughput of generation point oSignificant infrastructure costs oElectricity does not travel well -> hard to connect remote areas
- 29. Local production Pluses oEasy to deploy Minuses oLess stable than grid oHigh initial costs
- 30. More about solar power http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/solar-power/ Optimally 1000W per m2 Actual up to 250W per m2 Better bet on less in practice https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/03/30/solar-emerging-as-best-bet-for-west-africas-future-energy-mix/
- 33. Let’s say Christophe wants to send a mail to me hi
- 34. ●The Web browser sends a request for "index.html" to the port 80 What happens in practice...
- 35. Internet is a network of networks Several routes can connect two devices Traffic is agglomerated on several levels ISPs exist for each level Why ?
- 36. Why does it matter in ICT4D ? Let two farmers in Mali send a mail to each other implies a couple of regional servers If they want to use GMail, a backbone connection to the US' west coast will also be involved ! Consequences oWeb-based social networking can hardly be local oThe costs for the end user is likely to be high o( Cloud computing is incompatible with ICT4D (?))
- 37. Mesh VS Infrastructure network
- 38. How to choose Reasons to prefer mesh network oMore robust oFaster to deploy oExample: Sensors network, OLPD Reasons to prefer an infrastructure network oBetter for the quality of service oShared installation costs oExample: Universities' WiFi It is also possible to combine the two
- 39. What kind of network infrastructure/protocol can we use to connect two devices?
- 40. Connecting remote areas (The Last Mile)
- 42. India's rural network multi-hop directional 802.11 (wifi) http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/braman/dgp.html
- 43. Island of "Nosy Komba“, Madagascar http://www.olpcnews.com/hardware/w ireless/olpc_frances_long_distance_ wi-.html
- 45. (Semantic) Web in an SMS SPARQL data exchange over GSM networks. HTTP vs SMS: URLs vs Phone numbers No size restriction vs heavy size restriction. Request-response vs one-way messaging Onno Valkering
- 46. Hybrid solution: sneakernet http://www.firstmilesolutions.com/documents/DakNet_IEEE_Computer.pdf Master project Fahad Ali
- 47. Master project Fahad Ali
- 49. Keep in mind four things oThe context of usage (dust, humidity, sunlight, ...) oThe target users oThe target use-cases oThe resources needed There exist some optimized hardware What to pick?
- 50. Total cost of ownership (TCO) Total cost of acquisition and operation… …computed over the expected operation time Example: TCO of a car = car + parking place + fuel + insurance + driving license + ... For ICT: hardware + software + skilled staff + infrastructure (electricity, network) + ...
- 51. TCO surprises Standalone data storage solution (NAS) is often less expensive than a PC with software RAID Inkjet printers can be more expensive than laser printers
- 53. The XO-1.75 and XO-4 from OLPC Use a couple of Watts User-defined sensors Accelerometer Light sensor Camera Rugged Speakers No movable part Microphone Mesh network
- 54. SheevaPlug from GlobalScale ARM based CPU Ethernet, WiFi Solid state memory USB ports Here used as an e-book server
- 55. Raspberry Pi
- 57. Related: Green ICT 1. reduce the use of hazardous materials 2. maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, 3. Promote the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. VU prof Patricia Lago: http://www.s2group.cs.vu.nl/green-lab/
- 58. Suggestions Prefer affordable and supported software oIndividuals have few money but don't mind spending it on things that matters Prefer open source software oHighest level of appropriation level Prefer software using open standards oIf the software changes, the data can still be used
- 60. The hardware solutions that were chosen, developed, and evaluated in the context of the COVID-19 Detect and Protect challenges include a range of products such as personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, thermometers, disinfection devices, touchless water and soap dispensers, and open- source pulse oximeters. The challenge focused on lower-income settings and required that all innovations be accompanied by documentation and resources to enable quick replicability. The challenge was successful in engaging thousands of participants, with nearly halfof these coming from low- or lower-middle-income countries. The hardware solutions developed and evaluated in the challenge were intended to inform, support, or contribute to meaningful responses to COVID-19 on the ground, particularly in countries affected by the disease. The evaluated hardware is medical hardware, more precisely, pulse oximeters. This information is important because everyone deserves to be treated equally, and we should be aware of our biases before fixing them. The article highlights the importance of contextualizing digital divide solutions to the particular country rather than applying “one size fits all― solutions or relying on generalized assumptions that are not supported by detailed empirical research. The article analyzes the factors that affect mobile phone ownership in Nigeria. The researchers found that poverty or low literacy levels, as commonly thought, did not have a significant impact on mobile phone ownership rates. In the section technology redundancy and unsustainability, the author highlights the problems that are rise with mobile phones and their hardware (as an example). Mobile phones have a 'replace rather than repair' business model making them incredibly unsustainable because theyare replaced very quickly due to consumers wanting the next-best-thing, trends or software updates requiring more advanced hardware. This also leads to a massive e-waste problem as old, redundant hardware is thrown away as users willingly or are forced to upgrade to new hardware. The article does not mention new hardware that has been developed. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of considering the composition of UAV design elements, such as flight range and level of autonomy. The type of drone that a city chooses will depend on what they need it for and the infrastructure of the city. Hardware design should consider the diversity. The pulse oximeter should was developed, because it gives black patients moreoptimistic results and could cause serious treatment delay. The basic reason is that the manufactures did not realize skin color could affect optical device. The essay emphasizes how crucial electrical access is for Nigerians who own mobile phones. The study indicated that, while solar power did not significantly contribute, electricity provided by a generator or through a primary electrical grid was related to higher ownership chance. In order to create practical solutions to close the digital divide in Nigeria. A pulse oximeter is chosen because unlike other hardware, the racial biases of a medical hardware may lead to risks of life.The technical design flaw and the lack of regulations make it a good example to elaborate the methods related to design diversity and open standards.
- 61. Mobile device is chosen. This is in order to respond to social and economic needs as well as SDG target 4.4. Developing digital skills matches the evolution track of the current era. The article focuses on pulse oximeters, which are used to estimate blood oxygen levels. These devices were chosen for discussion because a study found they provided more optimistic readings for Black patients compared to white patients, potentially leading to worse clinical outcomes and revealing racial bias in the hardware. Some considerations were that one should think about the whole process, take into account how it will be supported, repaired and replaced, that giving away old tech is often not a good idea because it cannot be repaired or replaced, and to see whether the hardware can be produced locally. The hardware: mobile phone was chosen/evaluated. It was  chosen because it is not clear yet how many people and what kind of people own a phone in Africa. It shows that general assumptions like that being in a rural area does not really influence mobile ownership. There are other factors like employment have influence in Africa on ownership and ICT4D practitioners should not rely on the generalized assumptions.  The article specifically mentions a pulse oximeter, which estimates blood oxigen levels. They chose this device because it turned out that the device gave more "optimistic" measurements for people with black skin, leading to possibly worse clinical outcomes. The pulse oximeter was evaluated. This hardware performed better in predicting the oxygen level in blood and the heart rate for white patients compared to black patients. The chemical which gives skin pigment interferes with light-based pulse ox measurements. Open source hardware/software for COVID-19 was developed. This included lower resource ventilators and face shields. These were developed as open source solutions that could be more easily replicated, afforded and distributed than traditional solutions. This was important given COVID-19's rate of transmission and the negative impact it has on the global population. This impact was more harshly felt in low resource settings who have lower access to healthcare provisions.  The article mentions UAV as hardware to help low-income cities in development. UAVs allow to help lower-income cities address urbanization pressures, enhance city planning, and facilitate sustainable development. Pulse oximeters, that measure oxygen percentages in a patient's blood, were evaluated because during COVID-19, they were seen to provide too positive results for Black patients, as compared to other analysis methods. For medical equipment, it is especially serious if it is racist because this can have fatal consequences for the patient. This article discusses how redundancy and unsustainability are built into the digital technology business model. The industry is based on replacement rather than repair, and new models and fashions are promoted to entice people to buy the latest technology. The hardware-software development cycle also forces users to regularly upgrade their devices. This leads to massive redundancy and old devices being thrown away, which is unsustainable. The article also mentions the issue of e-waste and its impact on the environment. This article does not mention any specific hardware that was selected, developed or evaluated. Instead, it discusses the general trend in the digital technology industry to design hardware that is replaceable rather than repairable. This is done to entice people to buy the latest technology and increase a company's profits.
- 62. Breakout exercise Discuss in breakout room your selection of the ICTworks page in articles tagged with 'hardware‘. https://www.ictworks.org/category/technology/h ardware 1. Each person quickly summarizes the article and lists the hardware considerations and how they relate to the ICT4D context. 2. Choose one or more of the selections in your group and discuss how they relate to the model 3. Report back to the main room and we discuss one or two samples
- 64. Voice service: Multiple solutions SIP over Ethernet HTTP Officeroute running Asterisk Orange Emerginov Platform GSM dongle DOWNSCALING Cheap, small hardware
- 67. Some KASADAKA use cases DigiVet (N-Ghana) Poultry vaccination service (Mali) Seed market (Mali and Burkina Faso) Yours!
- 69. Software Computing device Network Software Computing device Centered around user- defined use cases Hybrid approach: locally centralized hardware + mobile phones Cheap, ownable hardware Replaceable General purpose No moving parts WIFI Internet GSM 4G SMS Sneakernet … Where possible: Open source +Open standards VSDK under construction Grid Solar panel Battery KASADAKA and the model
- 70. See what is already working and think how ICT can be improve part of communication Think of all the side things ocost, environmental conditions, ... Design carefully your use-cases Employ appropriate hardware and software When you consider ICT in low resources setting
- 71. Questions