1. Industrial Revolution

2. 1_Introduction_to_the_American_Revolution_1min12

3. By early 1900s, US world’s leading
industrial nation.
Fueled by:
Abundant supply of natural resources
Improved transportation
 transcontinental railroad moving resources
and people
 Increase in labor force
 1860-1910 population tripled
 Greater demand for consumer goods
 Large workforce

4. Gov’t supported industrialization:
 Helped industries with loans & minimal
regulation
 Railroad construction subsidized by gov’t
 Loans and land grants
Maintained laissez-faire approach
 Imposed few regulations
 Viewed labor organizations with suspicion
 High tariffs on imports to protect domestic
industry
 Contradicted laissez-faire
 Caused foreign nations to raise tariffs
 Increased cost of American goods

5. The Men who Built America-
History Channel Series
 Traits of a “TITAN”  PREVIEW
 2 pages of
handwritten notes
over 1 episode = 2
FREE 100s
 5 different episodes
 Rockefeller
 Carnegie
 JP Morgan/Edison
 Ford
 Vanderbuilt

6. 3_Steel_Industry_2min8

7. Steel…
 Affected technological change more
than any other product
 Allowed for cheaper building materials
Bessemer Process
 Cold air pressure method of transforming
iron ore into steel
 Andrew Carnegie- Steel Tycoon
 Believed in SOCIAL GOSPEL movement-financed
Public Libraries
 GOSPEL OF WEALTH: Believed it was
wealthy’ s obligation to contribute to society
(part of the social gospel movement)
 Philanthropist

8. 4_Oil_Industry_2min51

9. Oil and Electricity
 Oil could be refined into
gasoline, kerosene, and distillate
John D. Rockefeller
 Standard Oil Co.
 Own all aspects of production
 Oil wells, refineries, retail outlets
 Controlled 90% of world’s oil trade
 Edison Electric Illuminating
Co.
 Supplied electric power to
New York City

10. Railroads & Banks
“Commodore” Vanderbilt
 Railroad monopoly
 American industrialist and
philanthropist who built
his wealth in shipping and
railroads
J.P. Morgan
 Monopoly of the BANKS
 Interlocking directorates
 In 1892 Morgan arranged
the merger of Edison
General
Electric and Thomson-
Houston Electric
Company to form General
Electric (AKA GE)

11. The Assembly Line
 Henry Ford popularized use in
manufacturing
 Combined sub-assembly lines into one
continuous moving line
 Divided operation into simple tasks
 Workers performed same task repeatedly
 Unskilled workers could perform tasks
 Allowed for faster production
 Reduced cost of automobile
 Efficiency!!!!

12. Railroads
 Pacific Railway Act provided for
construction of transcontinental RR
 Transcontinental Railroad
 Gov’t gave land along right-of-way to
encourage rapid construction
 Sold land to pay for costs
 Union Pacific RR-built East to West from
Omaha, NE
 Central Pacific RR-built West to East from
Sacramento, CA
 Hired workers from China
 Joined May 10, 1869 near Ogden Utah

13. Big Business cont’d.
Competition creates lower prices
 Without competition, monopolies form
 Vertical integration (Carnegie)
 One company owns all other businesses it
takes to make finished product
 Chair Co = Cloth Co + Frame Co + Shipping Co
 Horizontal integration (Rockefeller/J.P.
Morgan)
 One large company owns several smaller
companies doing the same type business
 Mega Convenience Store = Allsups + Pak-a-Sak
+ Toot-n-Totum

14. Negative View of Industry
SOCIAL DARWINISM-
 The belief that society
was much like nature and
only the “strong”
survived
 Large monopolists often
used this theory to defend
their immense fortunes
and ill treatment of
workers
• Often times the
“INDUSTRIALISTS”
were referred to as
“ROBBER
BARRONS” or
“TITANS OF
INDUSTRY”
because of their
unethical and power
hungry strategies

17. 5_The_Urban_Transformation_7min15

18. Factory Work in US
 Life in the factory—
 Unsafe work environment
 No gov’t regulations
 Low pay
 Long hours
 Tedious, monotonous jobs—no skills required
 Unions
 Great length to keep out of factories
 Samuel Gompers—first leader of American
Federation of Labor
 Fought for higher wages, better working conditions

19. Knights of
Labor
Terence V.
Powderly
• Open membership (skilled, unskilled, women,
children, immigrants and African Americans
• Goals was to create a cooperative society in
which laborers and capitalists were equal
• Were blamed for Haymarket Square Riot unfairly
and became known as anarchists/violence
Industrial
Workers of the
World
(IWW)
• “Mother”
Jones
• Elizabeth
Flynn
• Big Bill
Haywood
• Like Knights in that they strove to unite all
workers (open membership)
• Motto: “An injury to one is an injury to all”
• Embraced class conflict and violent tactics
• Small union (150,000)
American
Federation of
Labor
“AFL”
Samuel
Gompers
• Alliance of SKILLED workers
• Concentrated on “Bread and Butter issues” such
as higher wages, shorter hours and better
working conditions

22. Famous Strikes of the Industrial Revolution
Homestead Strike (1892)
 “Lock out” by one of
Carnegie’s steel
mills near Pittsburgh
 Carnegie supported
Unions but the
“Chairman” of US
Steel, Henry Frick,
wanted to break the
Union at Homestead
 Turned violent and
very public

23. Famous Strikes of the Industrial
Revolution
Haymarket Riot
 Nationwide Strike to
support an 8-hour
workday
 A clash between strikers
and police leaves one
dead in Chicago’s
Haymarket Square
 Bomb thrown by
strikers…Police open
fired
 7 police dead
 4 workers killed
The Pullman Strike
 Pullman Palace Rail Car
Co. had to cut wages
because of hard
economic times
 Workers had unionized
under the ARU (American
Railway Union
 Leader: Eugene V. Debs
 ARU boycotts Pullman
Railcars
 Entire US’s rails are shut
down
 President Cleveland has to
send it troops to stop
boycott

24. The Great Railroad Strike of
1877
Panic of 1873 (recession) forces
companies to cut wages
 This causes 1st NATIONWIDE Labor
protest
 Rail workers walked off job, blocked
tracks and destroyed Rail Co. property
 President Hayes ends up sending
troops in to put to order and stop
violence

25. The Impact of Industry
Industrial Revolution at first not
benefit everyone equally
National wealth and personal
income grew significantly by
1920s
Cheaper consumer goods on
market

26. 7_Impact_of_an_Era_1min18