Social Studies Unit Four

3. LESSON 1:
LIFE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
• Middle Class – independent farmers, lawyers, doctors, and
MERCHANTS, people who buy and sell goods
• Life on a Plantation:
• On a large plantation, a planter might use an OVERSEER, a person who
managed the workers.
• Enslaved people lived in small, one room cabins and worked long hours
tending crops, working as carpenters, blacksmiths, maids, cooks, and
butlers.
• Life on a Small Farm:
• Many farm owners were YEOMAN FARMERS, farmers who owned a small
amount of land and worked it themselves. Some yeoman farmers were
even freed African Americans.
• Life in the City:
• All different classes of people lived and worked in large cities including
freed slaves that worked as ARTISANS, or skilled workers, such as
tailors, barbers, butchers, and bakers.

4. USE A MAP SCALE
• A MAP SCALE is a short measurement tool that allows a person using a
map to measure very long distances, such as mile or kilometers.
• Use a ruler to figure out the distance between two places.

5. LESSON 2:
COTTON AND SLAVERY
• The invention of the cotton gin made cleaning cotton fast and easy. How
did this affect the farming of cotton? 50% of people living in South
Carolina were enslaved.
• Life of enslaved people on a cotton plantation:
• Farmed six days a week
• Given water and food made from corn
• When work was finished, some fished and planted gardens
• Some had other jobs: carpenters, boat builders, tool makers, blacksmiths, or
household workers
• ABOLITIONISTS, or people who worked to end slavery, ran the
Underground Railroad
• Slavery began to divide the country:
• North – “free” states; South – “slave” states
• The North did not want to return fugitive slaves to the South
• Congress made California a free state
• Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law

6. LESSON 3:
SOUTH CAROLINA LEAVES THE UNION
• South thought slavery was necessary to the economy and it gave
enslaved people a better life; North disagreed.
• South Carolina feared Abraham Lincoln would end slavery and ignore
their state’s rights; they decided to SECEDE, or break away, from the
U.S. and start their own country at the Secession Convention.
• Other Southern states followed South Carolina and formed the
Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy; the North became
the Union.
• The Civil War begins:
• Union wanted control of all federal forts
• Fort Sumter was under Union control; Confederates wanted them to leave
so they fired the first shots
• Union and Confederacy gathered troops to start a war

8. LESSON 1:
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
• Strengths and Weaknesses:
• Union – larger army, more factories and railroads
• Confederacy – where most fighting took place, knew the land well
• Union set up a BLOCKADE, ships or soldiers to stop supplies or people
from entering or leaving a place. How did this affect South Carolina?
• Sherman’s March:
• Union General William T. Sherman and his army marched through Georgia
toward South Carolina burning towns and plantations.
• The Civil War ends:
• Sherman’s March destroyed much of South Carolina
• Confederate forces had few supplies and soldiers left
• Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General
Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia in 1865

9. USE A CROSS – SECTION DIAGRAM
• A CROSS – SECTION DIAGRAM is a picture or a drawing that shows
you what is inside and outside of building, machine, or object. Part of
the diagram are often labeled.
• It can help you understand how the parts of a building, a machine, or an
object fit together or how it works.

10. LESSON 2:
THE EFFECTS OF WAR
• South Carolina’s Suffering:
• Towns and farms were destroyed including Columbia and Charleston
• Railroad tracks were ripped up
• Livestock was gone
• Most people needed food and shelter; had little money
• Many plantation owners lost their land because they could not operate or pay
taxes
• Banks closed and people lost their savings
• End of Slavery
• Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863
• Thirteenth Amendment was passed that ended slavery throughout the nation in
1865
• Many Southerners did not want to change and were against laws and
organizations that helped FREEDMEN, or people who had been freed from
slavery
• The Freedman’s Bureau helped newly freed African Americans by providing
food, medical care, and education

11. LESSON 2:
THE EFFECTS OF WAR
• Changes to Farming:
• Most cotton plantations were broken up into smaller farms
• Many freedman stayed to farm the land
• SHARECROPPER, a person who farms land for the person who owns it;
the owner provided equipment, livestock, feed, and a place to live in
exchange for a large share of the crop grown on the land
• Freemen also mined PHOSPHATE, a mineral used as fertilizer
• Other Economic Changes:
• Towns grew around textile mills in rural areas
• Railroads were rebuilt and expanded; made it easier to sell textiles to
Northern cities
• CARPETBAGGERS, Northern business men who moved to the South
after the war; many Southerners thought they were taking advantage of
the South’s problems

12. LESSON 3:
REBUILDING SOUTH CAROLINA
• Andrew Johnson became president after Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated.
• South Carolina had to rebuild and rejoin the Union. The period of
RECONSTRUCTION, the act of rebuilding, began (1865 – 1877)
• Problems of Reconstruction:
• Southern states could rejoin the Union only if they agreed to certain terms:
end slavery, 10% of voters had to pledge loyalty to the Union, form a new
government, and write a new constitution
• Southern states passed black codes; this angered some members of
Congress who thought Southern leaders should not have the power to
make such laws
• Southern states were governed by U.S. military and would only leave if the
states wrote a new constitution stating that ALL men would have the right
to vote
• Reconstruction ended when President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered all
U.S. troops to leave the South in the Compromise of 1877