AP Bio Ch 17 part 1 translation
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This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It discusses how DNA serves as a template for RNA production. The three main stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA undergoes processing including 5' capping, poly-A tail addition, and splicing of introns before becoming a functional mRNA that can be translated into a protein.
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AP Bio Ch 17 part 1 translation
- 1. From Genes to Proteins Transcription Ch. 17 Sections 17.1, 17.2, & 17.3
- 2. To aid in your notetaking… Key vocabulary terms are in orange, bold font and underlined
- 3. Overview of Concepts 1. The information in DNA is in the sequence of nucleotides 2. Transcription is the production of RNA 1. There are several types of RNA 2. mRNA is the transcribed code for a protein based on the DNA 3. mRNA is modified in eukaryotic cells before it is functional
- 4. “One gene-one polypeptide” hypothesis The work of Beadle & Tatum in the early 1900s w/ Neurospora supported the hypothesis that each gene codes for a particular enzyme “one gene-one enzyme revised to “one gene-one protein”, then “one geneone polypeptide”
- 5. RNA is the bridge between DNA & proteins There are some key differences between DNA & RNA DNA Sugar deoxyribose RNA Sugar - ribose Bases - A, T, C, G Bases - A, U, C, G Double stranded & very long Single stranded & shorter
- 6. To go from the DNA to proteins requires 2 major steps: Transcription & Translation Transcription - DNA to RNA Translation - RNA to protein We will focus on Transcription today
- 7. What is transcription? The DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand
- 8. Why can’t we just go straight from DNA to proteins? Having a “middleman” in the form of RNA protects the all important DNA It is more efficient many copies of that gene can be made & used simultaneously
- 9. Quick Think What is transcription and why is it important in the synthesis of proteins?
- 10. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes - both transcription & translation occur in the cytosol, since there is no nucleus These processes can happen simultaneously Eukaryotes - transcription in nucleus, translation in cytosol
- 11. The synthesis of mRNA Messenger RNA is made in much the same way that DNA is replicated The DNA strand serves as a template for the linking of complementary base pairs
- 12. RNA polymerase This enzyme separates the DNA strands It also bonds the RNA nucleotides together It attaches at a special sequence of bases on the DNA called the promoter region
- 13. Types of RNA polymerase Only 1 type in prokaryotes Three types in eukaryotes RNA pol II is used in the synthesis of mRNA RNA polymerase
- 14. The stretch of DNA that gets transcribed is called the transcription unit This is the region of the DNA that contains the information for making the protein
- 15. Quick Think How does the process of transcription begin?
- 16. The 3 stages of Transcription 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination start build break-off
- 17. Initiation In prokaryotes - RNA pol recognizes the promoter region and binds directly to it In eukaryotes - proteins called transcription factors attach to promoter 1st, then RNA pol II attaches This whole thing is called a transcription initiation complex An important promoter sequence in eukaryotes is called a TATA box It contains the bases TATAAAA
- 18. Elongation RNA pol untwists the DNA 10-20 bases at a time RNA strand is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction, with new bases added to the 3’ end As it gets longer, it peels away from the DNA chain & the DNA double helix reforms Several RNA pol can be working on the same gene at the same time, increasing the rate of transcription
- 19. Termination in Prokaryotes In prokaryotes RNA pol goes through a termination sequence, detaches, & releases the transcript. The transcript is available for immediate use by the cell
- 20. Quick Write Describe the process of transcription, including the 3 stages, in prokaryotes
- 21. Termination in Eukaryotes The pre-mRNA strand is cut off from the growing RNA chain RNA pol is still attached to the DNA and continues to transcribe it RNA pol continues much further down the DNA and eventually falls off
- 22. Quick Write How is termination of transcription different in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? eukaryotes
- 23. Modification of the mRNA in eukaryotes Enzymes in eukaryotic cells modify the mRNA before it becomes functional This is why it is called premRNA In general, both ends of the pre-mRNA are altered Some of the middle parts may be cut out and the remains sliced together
- 24. 5’ cap The 5’ end is the end that was transcribed first A modified guanine nucleotide is added This is called the 5’ cap
- 25. 3’ poly-A tail 50-250 adenines are added at the 3’ end
- 26. Why??? The 5’ cap and the 3’ tail help to: Export mRNA from the nucleus Protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes Allow ribosomes to attach at the 5’ end
- 27. In eukaryotic genes and the transcribed mRNA, there are long non-coding regions between coding regions We call regions We call regions the non-coding introns the coding exons RNA splicing removes the introns & joins the exons to make a continuous coding sequence in the mRNA RNA splicing
- 28. How does it know what to cut out? There are regions at the ends of introns that are recognized by molecules called spliceosomes (an assembly of RNA and proteins) The spliceosomes cut out the introns and fuse the remaining exons
- 29. Quick Write What are some ways the RNA is modified before it is translated in eukaryotic cells?
- 30. Ribozymes Ribozymes are RNA molecules that function as enzymes in the splicing of RNA Their discovery eliminated the hypothesis that all enzymes were proteins
- 31. Why introns? Allows for alternative RNA splicing to occur Genes can code for more than one polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing Introns increase the likelihood of crossing over (more places for it to occur if gene is longer) Exons from different genes may get combined Exon shuffling can lead to new proteins, increasing genetic variation
- 32. Quick Write How is the functional mRNA different from the DNA template that was used to produce it? Think of as many differences as you can. I can think of at least 7 differences.