ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Michel Orlhac (Vice President, Schneider-Electric) - Sustainable Cities
•Télécharger en tant que PPT, PDF•
2 j'aime•1,568 vues
The world’s cities occupy only 2 % of the Earth, but account for up to 80 % of the overall energy consumption and 75 % of the carbon emissions. About half of the world’s population lives in cities today. How can cities contribute to a more sustainable future?
Recommandé
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (18)
Similaire à ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Michel Orlhac (Vice President, Schneider-Electric) - Sustainable Cities
Similaire à ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Michel Orlhac (Vice President, Schneider-Electric) - Sustainable Cities (20)
Plus de Student Energy
Plus de Student Energy (20)
Dernier
Dernier (20)
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Michel Orlhac (Vice President, Schneider-Electric) - Sustainable Cities
- 1. Sustainable cities Making cities smarter
- 2. From caves to skyscrapers
- 3. agenda 1. The energy dilemma 2. Smart cities to contribute to solve it 3. Schneider Electric, to help making cities smarter
- 5. The energy dilemma is here to stay Source: IPCC 2007, figure (vs. 1990 level) vs Energy demand By 2050 Electricity by 2030 CO2 emissions to avoid dramatic climate changes by 2050 The facts The need Source: IEA 2007 1-Frequent power outages 2-Rising energy prices 4-Climate change 3-Conflicts for resource access & control
- 6. The solution is a combination of cleaner generation and higher efficiency Source: World Energy Outlook 2009, OECD / IEA • Over 50% of CO2 emission abatement will be from end use efficiency World energy-related CO2 emissions abatement
- 7. Energy efficiency: power X3 “a small save at home is a big save at the power plant” Coal 100 units35 units33 units 1 unit saved at point of use 3 units of primary energy not consumed 2-6 years vs 10-20 years Scalable vs 1 shot Renewable vs carbonated
- 9. World population Earth’s surface Global energy consumption Global CO2 emissions Smart Cities, to solve Energy dilemma M1-1 Why? (by 2050) Growing pressure on infrastructure Increasing demand for mobility Tighter economic pressure Rising energy consumption More ambitious environmental goals Attracting global investment, jobs, talent At stake?
- 10. Cities need to become smarter Sustainable ●Reduced Carbon emissions and energy consumption ●Operational cost savings ●Decreased infrastructure investments Efficient ●Better information sharing ●Improved resiliency to disruptions ●Increased control over city systems Liveable ●Higher quality of life for city residents ●Increased attractiveness to jobs & talent ●Increased global competitiveness
- 11. Industry suppliers Planners & Developers Governments Utilities Private Investors NGO’s & associations This requires stakeholders collaboration People & Communities
- 12. 3-What Schneider Electric can do ?
- 13. Schneider Electric 14- Global Marketing – Michel Orlhac I ISES 2013 Trondheim 1999 Groupe Schneider becomes Schneider Electric, focused on Power & Control 1975 Merlin Gerin joins Groupe Schneider 1988 Telemecanique joins Groupe Schneider 1991 Square D joins Groupe Schneider 1996 Modicon, historic leader in Automation, becomes a Schneider brand 2007 Acquisition of APC corp. and Pelco More than 175 years of history 1836 Creation of Schneider at Le Creusot, France 19th century 20th century 21st century 2000 Acquisition of MGE UPS Systems 2003 Acquisition of T.A.C 2005 Acquisition of Power Measurement Inc. 2003-2008 Targeted acquisitions in wiring devices and home automation (Lexel, Clipsal, Merten, Ova, GET, etc.) 2008 Acquisition of Xantrex Steel Industry Power & Control 2011 Acquisition of Telvent 2010 Acquisition of Areva’s distribution activity Energy Management
- 14. Schneider Electric at a glance The global specialist in Energy Management billion € of sales in 2012 employees in 100+ countries of sales devoted to R&D Large company of sales in new economies North America 25% Asia Pacific 27%Rest of World 18% Western Europe 30% 28 000 44 000 43 000 22 000 Balanced Geographies FY 2012 sales Year-end 2012 employees Diversified end markets FY 2012 Sales (billion €) Residential 9% Utilities & Infrastructure 25% Industrial & machines 22% Data centres 15% Non-residential buildings 29%
- 15. Schneider Electric 16- Global Marketing – Michel Orlhac I ISES 2013 Trondheim Energy production & transmission Energy UsageEnergy Management …with 30 to 70% savings everywhere
- 16. Smart Water Smart Public Services Smart MobilitySmart Energy Smart Buildings & Homes Smart Integration Sustainability “smartization” integration Smart Grid Automation & Flexible Distribution Traffic Management Renewables Integration & Micro Grid EV Charging Infrastructure & Supervision Services Smart Metering Management & Demand Response Real-Time Smart Grid Software Suite Street Lighting management Tolling & Congestion Charging Integrated Mobility • Public Transit • Traveler Information Public Safety • Video Surveillance • Emergency management High-performance Buildings* • Energy Efficiency & Security solutions •Energy Services Connection to the Smart Grid Efficient Homes • Home Energy management Gas Distribution Management Digital City Services • eGovernment • Education • Healthcare • Tourism Stormwater management and Urban Flooding Power, Control & Security Systems integration Distribution Management & Leak Detection • 3 Security Management • 4 Environment Information System • 5 Weather Intelligence •1 Power & IT Management •2 Integrated City Mobility
- 17. Learnings from 200 projects around the world 30% Energy 15% Water 20% traffic Savings Attractiveness sustainability security jobs
- 18. 3.1 smart energy
- 19. 3.1 smart energy
- 20. Saved energy: the smartest energy! 1 unit saved at home 3 units saved at the power plant 1 smartsaving intelligence2 Energy Saving Renewable Energy 3
- 21. 3 years Energy saving ROI matching with business standards *actual US commercial buildings *Project Cost $1M and above *Electricity saving > 3500MWh 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 0,065 0,075 0,085 0, 095 0,105 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1 0,11 Energy price Years paybacks* Cents/KWh Years
- 22. Pilot sites delivering savings up to 57% -57% -43% -33% -23% School Hotel Office Residential
- 23. 3.2 smart grid
- 24. Commercial & Industrial Residential Consumers Industry Buildings Data Centres Residential Infrastructure From conventional grid…. Transmission Distribution Centralised Generation Utilities
- 25. Transmission Distribution Commercial & Industrial Residential Centralised Generation Utilities Consumers Industry Buildings Data Centres Residential Infrastructure Distributed GenerationRenewable Energy Plants Smart Generation (distributed & renewable) 2 Flexible distribution 1 Demand- response 5 Efficient Homes 3 Efficient Enterprise 4 From conventional grid to Smart grid: Energy saving Investment saving
- 26. Demand-Response to help french utility and consumers on April 3rd 2013 *Network operator in France •550MW curtailed •95% of Transmission grid needs •56 sites (cement, steel, hospitals..) ANSWER Curtailment of 56 consumers ● Persistent cold weather ● Nuclear power plants in maintenance ● similar situation in other European countries PROBLEM French electrical grid saturated
- 27. Smart Generation: integrating Renewables safely and efficiently into the Grid Integrated solution (equipment + installation & commissioning) Power forecasting & assets operation
- 29. Services & systems to be integrated for a Smart Mobility C3-2-V2 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Integrated Mobility Management
- 30. Electric Vehicle for Smart Mobility EVlink residential for home Charging in 6 to 8 hours EVlink private company car park Charging in 3 to 8 hours EVlink paying car park Charging 25% minumum in 2 hours EVlink shopping centre car park Charging 25% minumum in 2 hours EVlink road-side car park Charging 25% minumum in 2 hours EVlink residential for co-ownership Charging in 6 to 8 hours EVlink fleet car park Charging in 3 to 8 hours EVlink quick charging station Charging 80% in less than 30 minutes EVlink services Advanced services C3-3-V2
- 31. Houston, USA Our building solutions guaranteed over $3 million in energy and water savings in over 40 Buildings including City Hall & downtown municipal buildings New York, USA Mobile applications provide residents with travel information and weather conditions on-the-go Sao Paolo, Brazil An integrated command center with adaptive traffic control and CCTV city surveillance reduced average travel times by 14% Mumbai, India A traffic management system provided on average 12% time savings to drivers in one of the most congested cities in the world Singapore Our smart grid solutions help Singapore’s utility identify & quickly respond to electric outages Shantou, China Intuitive real-time water network management helps Shantou Water Supply Company optimise water consumption for the area with1,4M inhabitants Madrid, Spain An integrated operations center manages all traffic and critical infrastructure, solving mobility problems with a holistic approach Malaga, Spain Our Smart Street Lighting solution reduces the city’s lighting costs and emissions by over 30% Høje-Taastrup, Denmark Smart buildings solutions help local administration buildings, schools etc. save €650k by reducing energy consumption by 5.3GWh every yearNorth America >100 Cities South America >20 Cities Europe >60 Cities Asia >40 CitiesMiddle East >10 Cities Few success stories out of 200+ cities...
- 32. smart city: a system of systems of systems...
- 33. Intelligence for sustainability sustainable cities smart cities
- 34. A mission that energizes society across multiple generations Nidaros cathedral ●Launched in 1070 ●Dedicated incomplete in 1300 ●Over 8 generations ●Crowning Norwegian kings
- 35. Make the most of your Energy!
Notes de l'éditeur
- Remember In prehistoric times….. People lived in isolated communities With little protection, except few natural ones from caves, later from stone and wood shelters Moving away from those « homes » only at hunting distance, except for major migrations Consuming little energy, until they ’ ve discovered the fire and started to burn wood This has not changed significantly until the industrial revolution One can argue agriculture, the wheel, mastering metal production and carpentry have been new revolutions Yes but until the humankind discovered the planet resources were limited, little has change in the development model of the world But recently, in the 80ies, with globalization and the fast development of news economies like BRICs, we started to see the limits, discovering the impact of human activities on essentials: climate, water availability, bio diversity, energy availability. Tomorrow ’ s challenge will be to agree on the existence of such limits and agree on the way to overcome their consequences. A long term debate and a long term action plan. But let ’ s focus on the topic of our session, a specificity of the human way of living: cities……
- … .as a background of the subject, I ’ ll remind us and share the energy dilemma we are facing … ..the discover why cities are part of the problem, but also why they are part of the solution if we make them smarter … ..and finally I ’ ll share with you some solutions implemented by Schneider Electric, a global specialist in Energy management, who helps to turn sustainable cities into a reality
- The world is facing a dilemna: On one hand, the energy demand is growing fast expecially in new economies like China and India Each individual is looking for economic development. No reason he cannot claim for a high standard of living As economic development is highly linked to energy consumption, the demand will continue to grow for decades Never forget the banana you eat or the iPhone you use is consuming energy for production, transportation, usage and wates management. Any product, any service is consuming energy Here you see the evolution by region -Western countries (under OECD acronym) with a limited growth over the next 20 years -China and India are doubling their demand over the same period -the rest of the word is still growing by about 50% If we anticipate the demand until 2050, the total energy demand is doubling by 2050 But electricity is a big portion of energy usage and for electricity this doubling effect is going to happen by 2030
- here is the full picture of the energy dilemna -on one hand we ’ ve just seen energy demand will double by 2050 (and for electricity this will be the case by 2030) -on the other hand, there is strong evidence CO2 emissions will dramatically change the climate and scientist have even measured its impact consequently we need a drastic reduction to avoid a disaster: we must divide CO2 emissions by a factor 2 another way to explain the energy dilemna is to anticipate what will happen if we donot react ? Here will be the 4 major consequences: 1-with energy growing so fast, especially electricity, the present electrical system will not be able to cope with this situation and therefore frequent power outages must be considered 2-oil and gas reserves, but also uranium reserves for nuclear are limited and production has already reached a peak as new discovered reserves each year are bellow the yearly consumption, and this is happening since 2005. This means the price of electricy will rise as a large part of it is coming from coal/oil/gas fired thermal plants. The potential from shale oil or shale gas will not help as its extraction price is also rising (independantly from environmental issues) 3-as oil and gas resources will become more and more scarce, it will generate conflicts for its access and control many recent conflicts can be understood through the problem of control of oil/gas fields. It can be the origin of the conflict and it can explain the evolution of the conflict 4-climate change is the most impactfull consequence with the growth of CO2 emissions. Here we know it is an ongoing process which started one and half century ago since the industrial revolution, but whose effect has been measured recently only. As it is a cummulative phenomenon, we know that a change is happening and will accelerate even though we would stop any CO2 release now. Therefore a significant change in CO2 emission, a cut by a factor 2 as defined by scientist is a long story, to be managed and implemented over the next decades. How can we implement a virtuous circle in order to vote policies to fix this dilemna beyond normal mandates ?
- One solution: Cleaner energy generation and energy efficiency from end-users is the way to solve the dilemna This graph is showing : 1-the red curve is the reference scenario, ie what will happen is energy demand is doubling and we donot do anything to control CO2 emissions 2-the green curve is the 450 scenario developed by the IEA (International Energy Agency). « 450 » stands for « 450 PPM » ie « 450 parts per million » ie the upper limit of concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. 450 ppm is like 450 gallons of CO2 mixed in 1 million of gallons of air. Above this limit, scientists from IEA are saying the average temperature of the air will rise by more than 4 °F /2°C and afterwards it will accelerate rising more rapidly. We donot have any idea about the consequences on the economy and the human live The graph is showing that we can meet the 450 scenario if we react strongly 1-with actions on the generation side *on growing renewables and biofuels *on growing nuclear production, but since Fukushima desaster, this energy is questionable for security reasons *On growing CCS=Carbon Capture and Storage ie the technology to capture the CO2 produced when burning fossil fuels for generation and storing it by sequestration in deep and stable geological layers 2-with actions on energy efficiency *on power plants, improving their efficiency in production *last and most important, by improving the energy efficiency of end-users consumption You see the most important source of CO2 emission reduction is efficiency and more specifically end-users ’ efficiency, representing half of the necessary decrease
- Why is efficiency so highly contributing to the CO2 emission reduction ? Here is the explanation: the centralized energy system of today is highly inefficient consider a coal fired plant (coal is nr1 fuel today accounting for 41% of world electricity generation, 50% of US electricity generation and 80% for China) from 100 units of coal power used in a generation plant, 35 units only are converted into electricity. 2 more units are lost in the transmission down to the consumer (homes, factories, buildings, trains….). *The bad news is that the overall efficiency is very poor as 2/3 of the energy is lost *but the the good news is that when you save 1 unit of energy at the point of use, you avoid the use of 3 units of primary energy. At country or world level, it means you *either donot build new power plants and new transmission lines, *or you increase the usage of existing powerplants and transmission lines Some people have called this new source of energy the « Negawatt » refering to the Watt, the unit used to measure power, most often the electricity power and adding the prefix « nega » which means « less » As a summary, 1 Negawatt of saving is avoiding 3 Watts of generation it is also worth to compare the time to make investments. And this is quite different from one sector to another To simplify the situation -for generation and transmission, ie to add capacities, it can take more than 10 to 20 years potentially 1 generation to solve a capacity issue, if the population is accepting it from environmental and from financial point of views You see here we are clearly beyond the usual democratic mandate of 4 years, best case 8 years -for distribution and point of use, it can be improved dramatically within 2 to 6 years with a great impact on CO2 reduction, up to 50%. This is a real quick win, and the investment is scalable and partially intangible as it is also linked to changing behaviour….ie investing on education On top once you made the necessary investment to save energy, this can be replicated year after year. Or let ’ s say you RENEW your saving eauch year. Is this not defining a RENEWABLE source of energy ? … .now that we understand the energy dilemma, let ’ s see why cities are so important to solve it
- … ..and let ’ s discover how smart cities are contributing to their sustainability
- The Energy dilemma will be won, or lost, in the cities, because…… Cities today are 2% of the earth surface 50% of world population, 75% of global energy consumption 80% of global CO2 emissions and cities are growing: they will soon be and soon 70% of world population, meaning that we must build the same urban capacity in the next 40 years as in the past 4000 years. What is at stake ? *growing pressure on infrastructures *Increasing demand on mobility *a tighter economic pressure *a rising energy consumption *ambitious environmental goals * Attracting global investment, jobs & talents Obviously, almost all urban growth will be in the new economies. But urban regeneration is taking place in all so-called mature economies. So this is a global challenge.
- This is why cities need to become more smarter: More effficient, more sustainable, more livable. And that is our definition of a smart city.
- Each city is unique. And its ambition will be unique too: to play host to a major event, to expand, to relieve pain points or just to plan its future. Each city is also a complex value-chain – bringing together local governments, urban planners and utilities, regulators and tenants as well as investors and solutions providers. So one thing is sure: as cities embark on their own journey to ‘smart', they need to bring in all their stakeholders, including the private sector, from the start. This calls for a new approach that combines public governance, people ownership and business collaboration. It’s about making multiple stakeholders work together in a collaborative mindset, united by a shared vision of efficiency and sustainability, under strong public leadership. And we ’ re talking long-term collaboration, because the results need to last forever (or for a very very long time), defying one-off short-term partnerships.
- First of all, I want to give you a brief overview of our heritage. Despite the Germanic sound our name, we are a French company, created in 1836 at Le Creusot, a small town in Burgundy. We started out as canon-makers, before going into other areas of the steel industry. In the second part of the 20th century, we entered into the historical business of Schneider Electric : Power & Control, by acquiring Merlin Gerin and Telemecanique in France, followed by Square D and Modicon in the US. Thanks to those acquisitions, we also became an international company. (For instance, we have been in India since 1963 and in China since 1988.) At the end of nineties, as a symbol of our shift in focus towards Power & Control, Groupe Schneider was renamed Schneider Electric. Since 2001, we embarked on a wave of targeted acquisitions to again refocus our business from Power & Control to Energy Management. We acquired APC in Secured Power, TAC & Pelco in the sector of Building Management becoming a top player in building automation and security, Power measurement for power and monitoring systems (a crucial element in energy efficiency). Last but not least, we acquired Xantrex, a leader in connectivity and reliability systems for renewable energies. We acquired Areva Tranmission & Distribution together with Alstom. Today this acquisition makes us N°2 WW in the medium voltage field, ready to lead the smart grid challenges To sum up, the company has been transformed since 2001. We extended our business portfolio as well as doubling our sales and our number of people. Our dynamic history explains who we are today: the global specialist in energy management
- We help people make the most of their energy. What does it mean? between energy generation (coal, nuclear, Hydro, etc.) and energy usage (what we all do with energy everyday), it is our play ground: energy management. It consists in making energy safe, reliable, efficient, productive and green.
- This slide shows the details of our offering – broken down by area of expertise, and highlighting our transversal integration capabilities and services. It demonstrates our deep understanding of each system and of its underlying processes – from both an operational and an architecture standpoint. This technical expertise is essential to improve the efficiency of the individual systems, especially the most vulnerable ones. And it is essential to then ensure the efficient integration of all components, in a bottom-up approach. Note to speaker: This is our global offering. It varies across geographies as our capabilities, experience and organization may vary in each region & country.
- Our bottom-up, system-oriented, vision-driven, collaborative approach makes urban efficiency real already. Our projects around the world back this claim: improving system efficiency brings tangible benefits to a city: Up to 30% Energy savings Up to 15% reduction in Water losses Up to 20% reduction of Travel time and traffic delays But it brings as well sustainability benefits such as less pollution and carbon emissions from less traffic, at the higher increased attractiveness, with more local jobs and better security.
- Here are 3 my favoured « equations » 1-We have learned in chapter 1 that 1 unit saved energy is in fact 3 units saved at power plant 2-we have seen later that saving can be achieved through intelligence, making systems smarter 3-the 3rd one is for me to think about Energy Saving as a Renewable Energy. What is Renewable ? It ’ s an Energy that can be « Renewed » each year once the initial investment has been made. Just like for the « usual » Renewable like Water, Sun and Wind. This source of Energy doesnot diminish the resources of the Earth
- … .with a prety good ROI (Return On Investment) as it has been bellow 5 years since the year 2000, and is still decreasing as energy price in increasing to reach now 3 years
- We participated to a program called “HOMES” together with several european companies, from 2008 to 2012 in the program’s pilot sites, the huge potential of active energy efficiency has been demonstrated,primarily thank to innovation on sensors becoming necessary to make ernergy management smarter this is active energy efficiency, so not including any improvements in so-called passive EE such as insulation. This is the first lesson learned. A second lesson is that the more intermittently a building is in use, such as in schools, the bigger the benefits of smart automation and contrsystems ol. Finally another lesson is that the potential seems to be bigger in non-residential buildings than in residential ones.
- Smart grid is a real revolution in the world of electrical energy Since electricty was invented, abouyt 150 years ago, the whole development has been around a centralized system, whose main structure is relying on centralized generation, a centralized transmission and distribution grid managed by monopolisitc utilities And consumers who were just happy to have power, satisfied with failures up to 1 hour a year in cities/1 day in rural areas and were equiped with meters invented in prehistoric times, just to bill them every month. No « customers » but « consumers » only, no complain
- A significant evolution started in the late 80 ’ with liberization of electricity generation and distribution But the revolution could only start in the late 90 ’ with the IT revolution, making info available everywhere to anyone 5 different areas for making grids smarter 1-flexible distribution 2-smart generation, which covers bulk generation, distributed generation and renewable energy integration. 3- efficient homes, which includes EV charging infrastructure, 4- efficient enterprise, which covers buildings, industrial facilities & datacenters, and also includes EV charging infrastructure 5- finally, balancing Demand from consumers and Response from utilities, Demand-Response services is the highest level to save energy cost for consumers, but even more important to save investments for utilities I’ll give you 2 examples of what smart grid means, with a focus on 5 Demand Response and 2 Smart Generation
- Smart Generation is another potential for helping to solve energy dilemma. But at the same time it is a challenge for utilities who used to manage a centralized system Now they need to take into account electricity generation being injected to the grid almost anywhere: PV on roofs of residential homes or large buildings, as small/medium size PV and wind power plants connected mostly to their distribution network. Donot forget electricity is an energy that today cannot be stored (very limited exception with few lakes storing water). Then you imagine the nighmare if you cannot forsee the production because sun is playing with clouds and wind is deciding to rest or to be a huricane, but also it is hard to forsee the consumption. What happens if people decide to demonstrate and switch off or on all lights base on a Face Book post ? Here you see the interaction with Weather forcast….and Social Media ! And smart generation is about integration of various systems !
- Cities have a great challenge with mobility: a few dozen of systems are available to improve mobility 2 systems are to us key: *one is EV and its charging system (more on next slide) *the other one is weather intelligence. No need to explain how weather can affect decisions in our mobility ! But the ultimate benefit will come from an Integrated City Management with limited investment in the infrastructures, focused on IT systems, we believe we can improve citizens mobility through operational efficiency & smart information. Each of us has one day experienced a lack of efficiency in cities, such as making decision between taxi or public transportation. How do I get the relevant information?
- One several systems I ’ ve mentioned is quiet new: with the development of Electric Vehicles, new infrastructures are becoming necessary. But on top new services will emerge *car park payment combined with recharging *car sharing with billing per KWh *back charging for using EV batteries to provide energy to the grid during peak hours Just to mention some of them But for sure new services will be revealed soon Now you may think « this is theory, these are marketing dreams of geeks »….
- Not at all, this is reality, or more precisely starting to be a reality As SE, We boast more than 200 success stories with cities across different fields such as: Traffic management Smart Grid and micro grid Energy Performance Contracting City operation centers for traffic and critical infrastructure Security Street lighting High performance buildings and campus Energy services Water systems and water plants **************** We have seen few components of the sustainable cities with a focus on 3 aspects *smart energy *smar grid *smart mobility Keep in mind there are many others ******************** As a conclusion I have 3 messages to you………..
- First, making cities smarter means creating a system of sytems of systems Cities will not start from scratch. Whatever age they have, new or 1000 years old you have to build on the existing infrastructures and systems, you have to invest step by step So you integrate systems, existing nes and new ones
- Second this « smartization » is a strong enable to sustainability You easily realize the « smart » picture is an engineers view, speaking about systems Whereas the « sutainable » picture is an artist view , speaking about way of life The first one should serve the goals of the second (and not the reverse) But my 3rd and last message is to you as representatives of the future……….
- Before coming to my message, I ’ d like to ask you a question: who can recognize this building? What can be the relationship between the cathedral and our topic? I ’ d like to draw your attention to the importance of time factor in Energy issues, including making cities sustainable And for this I chosen to draw a parallel Yes this is Nidaros cathedral, a treasure of the late roman – early gothic architecture, the most nordic one in europe. During the middle ages, any norwegian king has been crowned there. Today ’ s kings of Norway are still being consecrated in this cathedral. it was built between 1070 and 1300, ie over 230 years, more than 2 centuries. So the construction period took more than 8 generations. Consider people ’ s lifetime was 40 years as an average, and people would not travel beyond a distance of typically 50 miles. Nevertheless, they have been able to build such tremendous buildings that we may not be able to build today It means one strong thing: those people have been able to manage a project across generations They ’ ve organized themselves, to make it happen; passing the right laws, building perenial organizations regarding taxes: each individual had to give to the church specific material and dedicate part of his time How will our modern society cope with issues that cannot be solved over 1 generation ? We already see the difficulty to make it over an election mandate, ie typically 4 years….. I can quote 2 projects managed across generations *one is from recent past: the « sagrada familia » in Barcelona Spain, a cathedral again, started in 1882 and due to be completed by 2026 to celebrate 100 years since the death of its architect Gaudi. 6 generations of architects in fact! *the other one is present and future: it is the norwegian sovereign fund, established in 1990 to manage benefits from oil beyond government needs, in view of its future decline. The largest fund in the world with 700 B$ and the highest transparency index of 10 out of 10 points A financial project with long term objectives to pass over generations! Whatever solutions we decide to fix the energy dilemma, it will take time, may be few generation. A mission that energizes society across multiple generations I encourage you to build the foundations of new cathedrals! ******************************************* Other example of cathedral This is one of the most beautifull european Cathedral ,the Cathedral of Chartres, located 100 km from Paris/France To make a long story short, it was launched in 1020 and dedicated incomplete in 1260 ie 240 years or 8 generations! Similar story with Notre Dame de PARIS some of you may know, built from 1163 to 1250 ie almost 1 century or 3 generations