1. - Samiullah Auti
M-Pharm in Pharmacology

2.  Defination
 Classification
 Side effects
 References

3. Antibiotics are the chemical substances
produced by a micro organisms which has
the capacity to inhibit the growth or kill the
other micro organism.

4.  Identification of organism
 Safety of the drug
 Site of infection
 Patients medical history
Usually identified through
gram stain or culture
Some drugs cross Blood brain
barrier whereas others do not
Allergies,immune status,renal and
hepatic conditions,pregnancy and
lactation status

5.  Beta lactams
 Carbapenems
 Macrolides
 Lincosamides
 Aminoglycosides
 Fluoroquinolones
 Cephalosporins

6. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Penicillins,Cycloserine,Cephalosporins,Vancomycin
 Protien synthesis inhibitors
Chloramphenicol,Clindamycin,Erythromycin,Aminoglycosides
 DNA synthesis inhibitors
Qninolones,Flouroquinolones,rifampin
 Cell memebrane disrupter
Polyene antimicrobials like Amphotericicn B

8. Organisms
PENICILLINS
Gram -Positive
Strep,Group A,B,C,G
Strep Pneumonia
Staph.aureus(MSSA)
L.monocytogenes
Penicillin G Penicillin V
+ +
+ +
0 0
+ 0
Colaxcillin
+
+
+
0
Amox +Clav
+
+
+
+
Pipercillin
+
+
0
+
Gram-Negative
N.Meningitidis
H.Influenza
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus vulgaris
+ 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
+
0
0
+
+
Anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides Fragilis
+ -
o -
o
o
+
+
+
+

9. Organisms
AMINO GLYCOSIDES
Gram-positive
Staph.aureus(MSSA)
Strep.Pneumonia
Gentamicin
+
0
Amikacin
+
0
Tobramycin
+
0
Gram-Negative
M.Catarrhalis
H.Influenza
E.Coli
Klebsiella sp
Proteus Vulgaris
Ps.aeruginosa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

10. Organisms
FLOUROQUINOLONES
Gram-positive
Strep.group,A,B
Strep.pneumonia
Staph.aureus(MSSA
Staph.epidermis
L.monocytogenes
Ciprofloxacin
-
-
+
+
+
Ofloxacin
-
-
+
+
-
Lomefloxacin
0
0
+
+
-
Levofloxacin
+
+
+
+
-
Sparfloxacin
+
+
+
+
-
Gram-negative
N.Gonnorhoeae
N.Meningitidis
H.Influenza
E.Coli
Klebsiella sp.
Enterobacter sp
Salmonella sp.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

11. Organism
CEPHALOSPORINS
Gram-positive
Strep.group,A,B,C
Strep.pneumonia
Staph.aureus(MSSA)
Viridans streptococcus
1st
generation 2nd
generation 3rd
generation
Cephalexin
+
+
+
+
Cefuroxime
+
+
+
+
Cefotaxime
+
+
+
+
Gram-negative
M.Cattarhalis
H.Influenza
E.Coli
Klebsiella sp.
Protes mirabilis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

12. ANTIBIOTICS ADVERSE EFFECTS
PENICILLINS Hypersensitivity reaction, Seizures, Diarrhea, Hemolytic anemia
CEPHALOSPORINS Nephrotoxicity,Bronchospasm,Uriticaria,Hypothrombinemia
AMINOGLYCOSIDES Ototoxicity,Nephrotoxicity,Neuromascular paralysis,Contact
dermatitis.
MACROLIDES Epigastric distress,,Cholestatic jaundice,Ototoxicity.
TETRACYCLINES Hypoplasia of teeth,Hepatotoxicity,Phtosensitivity,Vestibular
reactions,Nausea and Vomitting.
CHLORAMPHENICOL Bone marrow suppression,Aplastic anaemia,Gray baby
syndrome.

13. CEFTAROLINE fosamil(Teflaro)Teflaro)
oIts an advanced generation cephalosporin antibiotic active
against methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
and Gram positive bacteria.It retains the activity of later
generation cephalosporins having broad spectrum activity
against Gram-ve bacteria.Its currently being investigated for
community acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin
structure infections.
Ceftaroline is developed by Forest laboratories,USA and
received approval on October 29-2010.

14. FIDAXOMICIN (Dificid)
Its the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic.Its an
fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete dactylosporangium
aurantiacum subspeices.
Its an non-systemic , bactericidal and has demonstarted selective eradication of
pathogenic “Clostridium difficile “with minimal disruption to multi speices of bacteria
that’s make up the normal healthy Intestinal flora.
FIDAXOMICIN is approved by by US FDA on April 10,2011 and is marketed by
Optimer Pharmaceuticals by trade name Dificid for the treatment of Clostridium
difficile infection.
Mechanism of action
It works by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme RNA polymerase resulting the death of
Clostridium difficile .

15. 1.Lippincott’s illustrated reveiws,Pharmacology 4th
edition, by Richard
A.harvey:Pamela C.Champe, published by Wolters Kluwer-2009
.Adis R& D Profiles Fidoximicin OPT 80-:PAR
101(http;//adisoline.com/drugslfulltext/2010/10010/Fidaxomicin_lipiarmycin_OPT_80
_.5 Drugs in R & D(open acess):28th
May2010-volume 10-issue1-pp 37-45.
.R corey:WilcoxM,talbot GH,et al..CANVAS-1:R andomised , double- blinded,
phase 3 study(P903- 06) of the efficacy and safety of Ceftaroline vs vancomycin
plus aztreonam complicated skin and skin structure infections;2008,Interscience
conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy/Infections diseases society of
America conference.