A SEMINAR ON ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALGESIC ACTIVITY ON AQUEOUS FRUIT
EXTRACT OF Tribulus terristris
Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Pharmacy
By
C. SUDHAKAR REDDY
Department of Pharmacology
VASAVI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,
VASAVI NAGAR, PEDDAPALLI (V), SIDHOUT (M), NEAR BHAKARAPET RAILWAY STATION,
KADAPA 516247.

2.  Analgesia(pain)
Pain has been classified as productive pain and non- productive pain while this distinction
has no physiologic meaning. It may serve as a guide to treatment productive pain has been
described as a warring of injury.
Analgesic work at the level of the nerves, either by blocking the signal from the
peripheral nervous system. Or by distorting the interpretation by the central nervous system .
class of drugs , based on type of pain, severity of pain, and risk of adverse effects traditionally,
pain has been divided into two classes,
1) Acute pain
2) Chronic pain
Acute pain
Acute pain is self limiting in duration, and includes post operative pain, pain of injury,
and childbirth. Because pain of these types is expected to be short term and long term side
effects of analgesic therapy may routinely be ignored.
An important consideration of pain management of analgesic . This applies to both the
narcotic and non- narcotic analgesics in severe pain is that patients should not be subject to
the return of pain .

3. Chronic pain:
Chronic pain, pain lasting over three months and severe enough to impair function,
is more difficult to treat, since the anticipated side effects of the analgesics are more
difficult to manage. While some classes of drugs ,such as the narcotic agonist/antagonist
drugs bupronophine, nalbuphine and pentazocine, and the COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib
and rofecoxib represent advance in reduction of adverse effects, they are still not fully
suitable for long term management of severe pain.
Classification of Analgesics
Analgesics
Mild Analgesics
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Ibuprofen
Strong Analgesics
Opium
Codeine
Heroin

4. Symptoms
The early symptoms of CKD are the same as for many other illnesses. These
symptoms may be only sign of a problem in the early stages.Symptoms may include:
 Appetite loss
 General ill feeling and fatigue
 Headaches
 Itching (pruritus) and dry skin
 Nausea
 Weight loss without trying to lose weight
Symptoms that may occur when kidney function has gotten worse include:
 Abnormally dark or light skin.
 Bone pain.
 Drowsiness or problems concentrating or thinking.
 Muscle twitching or cramps.
 Breath odour.

5. Complications
 Acute renal failure.
 Chronic renal failure.
 Interstitial nephritis.
 Renal papillary necrosis(tissue death)
 Urinary tract infections, chronic or recurrent.
 Hypertension.
Causes
 Damage Analgesic involves nephropathy involves damage within the internal structures of
the kidney. It is caused by long term use of analgesic s, especially over the counter (otc)
medications that contain phenacetin acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti inflammatory
drugs(NSAIDS) such as aspirin or Ibuprofen .
Risk factors include :
 Use of OTC analgesics containing more than one active ingredient .
 Chronic headaches, pain full menstrual periods, backache, or musculoskeletal pain .

6.  Emotional or behavioural changes .
 History of dependent behaviours including smoking , alcoholism, and excessive use of
tranquilizers.
Diagnosis
 Diagnosis is traditionally based on the clinical findings above in combination with excessive
analgesic use. It is estimated that between 2 and 3 kg each of phenacetin or aspirin must be
consumed before evidence of analgesic nephropathy becomes clinically apparent.
 Once suspected, analgesic nephropathy can be confirmed with relative accuracy
using computed tomography (CT) imaging without contrast. One trial demonstrated that the
appearance of papillary calcifications on CT imaging was 92%sensitive and 100% specific
for the diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy.
Clinical features
 Common findings in people with analgesic nephropathy include headache, anaemia, high
blood pressure (hypertension), and white blood cells in the urine (pyuria).

7. Clinical findings in analgesic nephropathy
Finding Proportion affected
Headache 35-100%
Pyuria 50-100%
Anemia 60-90%
Hypertension 15-70%
Gastrointestinal symptoms 40-60%
Urinary tract infection 30-60%
Treatment
Non opioid and opioid analgesics are the main drugs used to treat pain.
Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and other CNS-active drugs may also be used for chronic or
neuropathic pain and are first-line therapy for some conditions. Neuraxial infusion, nerve
stimulation, injection therapies, and neural blockade can help selected patients. Cognitive-
behavioral interventions (eg, changes in relationships in the home; systematic use of relaxation
techniques, hypnosis, or biofeedback; graduated exercise) may reduce pain and pain-related
disability and help patients cope.

8. Non opioid analgesics
 Acetaminophen and NSAIDs are often effective for mild to moderate pain (see Table: Non
opioid Analgesics). Of these, only ketorolac and diclofenac can be given parenterally. Non
opioids do not cause physical dependence or tolerance. Acetaminophen has no anti-
inflammatory or antiplatelet effects and does not cause gastric irritation.
 NSAIDs include non selective COX (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitors and selective COX-2
inhibitors (coxibs); all are effective analgesics. Aspirin is the least expensive but has
prolonged antiplatelet effects. Coxibs have lowest risk of ulcer formation and GI upset.
 A 1.5% solution of diclofenac has been shown to effectively treat pain and limited joint
function caused by osteoarthritis of the knees; dose is 40 drops (1.2 ml) appliedqid to each
affected knee. Other topical diclofenac formulations that may be useful for local pain relief
include a patch (applied bid over the affected area) or a 1% gel (2 g qid for the upper
extremities or 4 g qid for the lower extremities).

9. Opioid Analgesics
“Opioid” is a generic term for natural or synthetic substances that bind to specific
opioid receptors in the CNS, producing an agonist action. Opioids are also called narcotics
a term originally used to refer to any psychoactive substance that induces sleep.
Opioid Analgesics Dose:
Opioid analgesics are useful in managing acute and chronic pain. They are
sometimes underused in patients with severe acute pain or with pain and a terminal
disorder such as cancer, resulting in needless pain and suffering. Reasons for under
treatment include
 Underestimation of the effective dose
 Overestimation of the risk of adverse effects
Generally, opioids should not be withheld when treating acute, severe pain;
however, simultaneous treatment of the condition causing the pain usually limits the
duration of severe pain and the need for opioids to a few days or less.

10. Adverse effects
In opioid-naive patients, adverse effects common at the start of therapy include
 Respiratory depression (rare with appropriate doses)
 Sedation and mental clouding
 Nausea and vomiting
 Itching
Because steady-state plasma levels are not approached until 4 to 5 half-lives have
passed, drugs with a long half-life (particularly levorphanoland methadone) have a risk of
delayed toxicity as plasma levels rise. Modified-release opioids typically require several
days to approach steady-state levels.
In the elderly, opioids tend to have more adverse effects (commonly, constipation and
sedation or mental clouding). Falls are a particular risk in the elderly. Opioids may cause
urinary retention in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

11. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
AIM
The present study was mainly aim to investigate analgesic activity of aqueous
extract of tribulus terristries in analgesic induced and hot plat model in albino rats.
OBJECTIVE
 This study was planned to examine.
 Phytochemical screening.
 Evaluation of anti analgesic activity,(aqueous extract of T.terristeries) in analgesic induced
and hot plate model.
Plan Work
Plant collection Photochemical studies Extraction of plant material activity
Analgesic activity Pharmacological activity Photochemical test activity

12. RIVEW AND LITERATURE
Literature Review on Activities of plant
Prabha et al., 2008.
 T.terristites was investigated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic
activity was compared with aspirin by tail-immersion and acetic acid induced writhing
methods. The anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats was
compared with ibuprofen. In both the methods encouraging results were obtained.
Hajera Khatun et al., 2011.
 p.murax fruit extracts were investigated for analgesic and anti oxidant activity. analgesic
activity was examined using acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin test in rat. Results
suggest that the fruit extract of p.murax possesses remarkable analgesic properties.
Hajera Khatun et al., 2011.
 T.terristites. fruit extracts were investigated for antinociceptive and insecticidal& antifeedent
activities. Different anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, sedative-hypnotic drug actions were acting
through GABAA .

13. PLANT PROFILE
 Tribulus territites
Pl ant name : Gokhru
Botanical name : Tribulusterristris
Synonyms : Puncture vine, Tribulus
Family : Zygophyllaceae
Vernacular names
Bengalli : Gokhru, Gokuri
Hindi : Chota gokhru, Bara gokhru
Kannada : Negalu
Malayalam : Neringil
Punjabi : Lotak
Sanskrit : Gokshur ,Brihat gokshur
Tamil : Nerunji, Mull
Telugu : Palleru
Taxonamy of plant
Class : Dicotyledons
Subclass : Polypetatae
Series : Thalamiflorae
Order : Geraniales
Family : Zygophyllaceae
Genus : Tribulus
Species : Terrestris

14. Botanical description
 It is a creeper that is about 2 to 3 feet long having branches spread all over, leaves are in pairs of
5 to 8 and is of irregular shape. Flowers are small and yellow colored. Fruits are round and
possess 5 to 12 compartments and each compartment contains a seed. The seeds contain
aromatic oil. Roots are 4 to 5 inch long, brown in color and bear a sweet aroma. The plant
flowers in early winters followed by fruiting. P. murex L. is a succulent herb found near sea
coast of south India and some tropical areas of India. It appears during the month of July –
September. It grows luxuriously in fertile soils and crop land as a weed at temperatures of 25–30
degrees.
Chemical constituents
 Fruit: Alkaloids 3.5%–5%, stable oil, aromatic oil, resins, glycosides, carbohydrates, saponins
and triterpenoids.
 Stem: Saponins, herman, phytosterols, tannins and carbohydrates.
 Root: Reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, saponins, xanthoproteins, alkaloids, triterpenoids
and flavonoids.
 Leaves: Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, resins, saponins and proteins.

15. Phyto chemical constituents
 Preliminary chemical examination of T. tersistris revealed presence of naturally occurring
different chemical constituents. Whole plant is reported to contain medicinally important.
Mainly fruits contain alkaloids (3.5%–5%), stable oil, aromatic oil, resins, carbohydrates,
saponins, glycosides, and Triterpenoids and also two important flavonoids like 2′, 4′, 5′-
trihydroxy-5, 7-dimethoxy flavonoids and triacontanyl dotriacontanoate.Alkaloids,
steroids, resins, saponins and proteins are also reported.
Medicinal uses
 Fruits are used as a diuretic, tonic and al so in the treatment of calculous affections and
painful micturition.
 They are al so used as aphrodisiac &in gout.
 Gokhru a common ingredient of Ayurvedic preparations, dashamoolarishta&chyavanprash.
 The dried fruits of pendulum murex are known as Bara gokhru.

16.  The fruits contain fatty oil, mucilage, an alkaloid &resin.
 Bara gokhru is used as a diuretic and in dysuria&gonarrhoea.
Method of preparation of plant extraction
 The fruits of the plant were collected in the month of January and dried in the shade.
 The shade dried fruits are powdered separately to get coarse powder.
 About 500g of dried and coarsely powdered fruits was extracted first with water by
continuous hot percolation using iodine flasks.
 The extraction was carried out, by using solvents of increasing polarity starting from
water respectively.
 The extraction was continued for 24 hrs.
 The aqueous extract was filtered and concentrated to a dry at room temperature. a `brow
colour residue was obtained (8gm).

17. PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS
 Various chemical test are performed on the extract of medicinal plant to identify the
phytochemical constitutions.
Test for Alkaloids
 Dragendroffs test
 Wagner’s test
Test for Carbohydrates
 Molish test
Test for Tannins
 ferric chloride
Test for Flavonoids;
 Shindo Test
 Ferric chloride test:
Proteins
 Heat test
 Test with trichloroacetic acid
 Hydrolysis test
 Biuret test
Triterpenoids
 Libermann-Burchard Test

18. PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES
Analgesic activity
 The anti analgesic activity of aqueous extract of tribulus terristates was in induced by
eddy’s hot plate and writhing response methods.
Animals
 Swiss albino rats of both sexes weighing (150-200g) were obtained from venkateswara
trades; Bang lore & maintain in the animal house. They were properly housed in separate
cages in room temperature (25c) & fed with stanadard diet and water ad libitum .
 Twenty four hours before each experiment (expect for the sub chronic toxity test), the
animals were deprived of food but not of water.
Eddy’s hot plate method
 Swiss albino rats were divide into six groups, each of three animals .Group 1 served
as control ,Group 2 served as standard and were injected Diclofenac sodium
(9mg/kg)l intraperitonially Group 3.

19.  And 4 were treated orally with aqueous extracts of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight
respectively.
 Group 5 and 6 were treated orally with alcohol extracts of 500 and 1000 mg/ kg body
weight respectively
 The animals were individually placed on the hot plate maintained at 55 c , one hour after
their respective treatments.
 The response time was noted as the time at which animals reacted to the pain stimulus
either by paw licking or jump response, whichever appeared first the cut off time of the
reaction was 15 seconds.
WRITHING RESPONSE
 Acetic acid induced writhing method was adopted for evaluation of analgesic activity.
 writhing is defined as a stretch, to one side, extension of hind legs, contraction of the
abdomen so that the abdomen of mice touches the floor turning of trunk (twist).
 Any writhing is considered as a positive response.
 Swiss albino mice weighing between 15-35g were used for evaluation of analgesic activity
;in each group six albino mice were kept.

20. A solution of acetic acid (1%v/v) in distilled water was prepared. A solution of
ibuprofen (dose-100mg/kg/10ml) was prepared in normal normal saline water. Test – 1:A
solution of etoricoxib (5mg/kg) in combination with diclofenac potassium (10m/mg) was
prepared in 10ml of normal saline water.
Wister albino mice of either sex were divide into four different group each containing
six animals were marked individually. Food was withdrawn 12 hours prior to drug
admintered till completion of experiment. The animal were weighed and number
appropriately. The test and standard drugs were given orally. After 60min writhing was
induced by intraperitonal injection of 1% of acetic acid in volume of 0.1ml/10g body weight
.the writhing episodes were collected for 30 min stretching movements consisting of arching
of the back, elongated of body and extensions of hind limbs were coned.

21. RESULTS
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
 The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract are shown in table.
 Table: Data showing the phytochemical screening of fruit extracts of tribulus terristities.
S.NO CONSTITUENTS AQUEOUS
EXTRACT
1 Carbohydrates +
2 Glycosides +
3 Alkaloids +
4 Saponins +
5 Stable oil +
6 Tannins +
7 Proteins +
8 Flavonoids +
9 Terpinoids +
10 Cardiac glycosides +
11 Fats _
“+” = Presence
“_” = Absence

22. GROUP TRETMENT REACTION TIME IS SECONDS AT TIME (min)
0 30 60 90 120
GROUP I Control (saline po)
3.41±
0.06
3.52±
0.04
3.61±
0.03
3.56±
0.08
3.68±
0.07
GROUP II Standard(ibprofene)
(100 mg/kg po)
3.21±
0.03
7.31±
0.04**
8.42±
0.02**
9.52±
0.09**
8.25±
0.08**
GROUP III Aq. extract of T.
terristities(100 mg/kg po)
3.36±
0.04
3.65±
0.05
3.75±
0.08
3.85±
0.06
3.95±
0.09
GROUP IV Aq. Extract of T.
terristities (200mg/gm
Po)
3.54±
0.05
5.56±
0.07**
6.65±
0.06**
7.35±
0.09**
6.56±
0.07**
GROUP V Aq.exatract of
T.terristites(400gm/mg
Po)
3.55±
0.02
8.31±
0.05**
9.25±
0.07**
10.56±
0.06**
9.52±
0.07**
Table1: shows analgesic activity of aqueous fruit extract of Tribulus terristries by Eddy’s hot plate
method.
**P <0.01 significant with respect to control group. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M; N=6 in each group.
Statistical analysis one way AONOVA followed by dunnett,s test.

23.  Table 2: shows analgesic activity of aqueous fruit extract of Tribulus terristris by writhing
response method.
 **P <0.01 significant with respect to control group. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M; N=6 in each group. Statistical
analysis one- way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.
Groups Tretment No.writhings in (10 mints) % of inhibition
Group I Control(saline po) 32.43±0.02 _
Group II Standrad(Ibuprofene
100mg/kg po)
18.13±0.04** 44.09**
Group III Aq. extract of
T.terristities(100mg/kg
Po)
30.12±0.06 7.12
Group IV Aq. extract of
T.terristities(200mg/kg
Po)
20.15±0.03** 37.86 **
Group V Aq. extract of
T.terristities(400mg/kg
Po)
16.16±0.01** 50.16**

24. DISCUSSION
 Generally medicinal values of the plants are dictated by their phytochemical and other
chemical constituents. The phytochemical analysis aqueous extract of tribulus terristities
revealed the presence of major phyto constituents like flavonoids tannins, saponins,
terpinoids, alkaloids, glycosides & carbohydrates. Hence the result of present investigation
indicate that the test drug may possess pharmacological proterties like analgesic. Theses
result also commensurate with earlier reported phytochemicals of this plant.
 The preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids,
carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids. It helps to undertake further studies on the isolation and
identification of specific phytoconstituents. Extract showed the analgesic activity when
compared with control and analyzed statistically by ANOVA comparison test. On the
basis of these findings, it may be inferred that Tribulus terristris. In discussion, this study
provides evidences for the analgesic activity of Tribulus terristris.

25. CONCLUSION
 Herbal drug are the option of treatment of disease which carries less side- effect and
toxicity.
 Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed that the presence of saponins, tannins,
terpinoids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, stable oils treatment with
aqueous extract of Tribulus terristris at the dose of 400mg/kg showed a significant
analgesic activity by eddy’s hot plate method and writhing response method.
 The results of present study indicates the aqueous fruit extract of Tribulus terristris.
Possesses analgesic effect, which is in accordance with its ethno medical use.
 Analgesic effect of the extracts was demonstrated in the experimental models using
eddy’s hot plate and writhing response methods using thermal stimuli, an increase in
reaction time is generally considered an important parameter of analgesic activity.
 Tribulus terristris shows significant results for analgesic activity.

26. REFERENCES
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