Cancer (1)
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This document discusses cancer statistics and causes. It notes that over 9.7 million new cancer cases and 6.7 million cancer deaths occur annually worldwide. Some key causes of cancer mentioned include tobacco use, which is responsible for around 25-40% of cancer deaths in smokers; viruses such as HPV and hepatitis B; radiation; obesity; and certain chemicals from industries. The document also provides an overview of what cancer is, the different types, and factors involved in carcinogenesis.
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Cancer (1)
- 1. MEWAR UNIVERSITY NAME : pEER zAdA SUhAIl SUbjEcT: phATophYSIologY TopIc: cANcER pRESENTEd To :MR.ANUkRAM SIR
- 2. Introduction to Cancer basics?
- 3. Statistics >9.7 million cases are detected each year 6.7 million people will die from cancer Every day, around 1700 Americans die of the disease 20.4 million people living with cancer in the world today 1 in 3 people will be diagnosed with cancer in the UK and 1 in 4 will die from their disease
- 4. WHO Statistics 2020 15 million people will die from cancer Causes Ageing population Obesity Smoking
- 6. The burden of cancer 6% of NHS hospital expenditure $/€/£ etc millions spent on research Substantial financial burdens upon families and carers Physical and emotional burden
- 7. What is Cancer? Division – uncontrolled cell division Growth – formation of a lump (tumour) or large numbers of abnormal white cells in the blood Mutation – changes to how the cell is viewed by the immune system Spread – ability to move within the body and survive in another part
- 8. Division – uncontrolled cell division Oncogenes Tumour suppressor genes – p53 Suicide genes – apoptosis DNA repair genes
- 9. Growth Tumour Pressure on nerves Blocking organs Stopping normal function Altering nerve signals
- 10. Mutation and Spread Invasion Angiogenesis
- 11. Types of Cancer Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukaemias Adenomas Often prefixed by the specific cell
- 12. Cancerous growth
- 14. Carcinogenesis. Some factors to consider… Heredity Immunity Chemical Physical Viral Bacterial Lifestyle
- 15. Heredity 5-10% of Cancers ?15% of all cancers Molecular biology and Human Genome Project
- 16. Immunity HIV / AIDS Immunosuppression
- 17. Virus’s Hepatitis B Human T-cell Leukaemia virus Epstein Barr Virus Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
- 18. Bacterial H. pylori Other Parasites: Schistosoma spp Clonorchis sinensis
- 19. Chemical Alcohol Asbestos Wood dust Rubber, plastics, dyes Tar / bitumen Aflatoxin Alkylating agents Tobacco
- 20. Smoking Single biggest cause of cancer 25-40% smokers die in middle age 9 in 10 lung cancers Know to cause cancer in 1950
- 23. Physical causes Ultraviolet radiation Sunlight Certain industrial sources Radiation Radon Cancer treatment
- 24. Obesity Lifestyle: - Highly caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein - Low physical activity Consequences: - Cancer - Diabetes - Cardiovascular disease - Hypertension
- 25. Lifestyle Age Occupation Ethnicity Deprivation
Notes de l'éditeur
- the effects on the economy go far beyond this to include substantial financial burdens upon families and carers resulting from the disabilities and deaths of people during their productive middle years.
- There are four main types of gene involved in cell division. Most tumours have faulty copies of more than one of these genes: Oncogenes Oncogenes are genes that, under normal circumstances, play a role in telling cells to start dividing. We can think of them as being a bit like the accelerator pedal in a car. When oncogenes are activated, they speed up a cell's growth rate. When one of them becomes damaged, causing cancer, it is like the accelerator becoming stuck down - the cell, and all its daughter cells, are permanently instructed to divide. Tumour suppressor genes These genes make proteins whose normal function is the opposite of oncogenes. They tell the cell NOT to divide, and must be switched off by other proteins before a cell can grow. They are like a car's handbrake - it is supposed to be on when the car is at rest. One of the most important tumour suppressor genes is called p53. This gene was co-discovered in 1979 by Cancer Research UK scientist Professor Sir David Lane. Suicide genes Apoptosis, or cell suicide, is a highly complex and hugely important process. Cells are usually able to commit suicide whenever something goes wrong, to prevent damage to their neighbours. There are many different genes (and therefore proteins) involved. If these 'suicide genes' become damaged, then a faulty cell can keep dividing and become cancerous. DNA-repair genes The DNA in every cell in your body is under constant assault from a variety of directions. But cells contain many different proteins whose job is to repair damaged DNA. Thanks to these, scientists think that the vast majority of DNA damage is repaired immediately, with no ill effects. But if the DNA damage occurs to a gene that makes a DNA repair protein, a cell's ability to repair itself will be reduced, and this can allow errors to accumulate in other genes over time. This can cause cancer.
- To do this, it must acquire more mutations that allow it to survive in other parts of the body. For a cancer cell to spread, it must be able to do two things that the normal cell it grew from could not: it must be able to leave its usual environment and travel through the blood or lymph system, a process called invasion. when it arrives at its new location, it must be able to make new blood vessels grow around it and supply it with oxygen and nutrients, a process known as angiogenesis.
- From one point of view, there are as many types of cancer as there are different people, because everyone's genes are different and so no two cancers are exactly alike. From another point of view, there are as many different types of cancer as there are different types of human cell - just over 200. However, cancers can be broadly grouped into different types, depending on which tissues they come from. Carcinomas, the most common types of cancer, arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces. Lung, breast, and colon are the most frequent cancers of this type. Sarcomas are cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue and muscle. Lymphomas are cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system. Leukaemias are cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream. Adenomas are tumours that come from glandular tissue like the thyroid, the pituitary gland the adrenal gland. They are often benign.
- Smoking is the single biggest cause of cancer in the world Experts agree that smoking is the single biggest cause of cancer in the world.1 2 3 Smoking causes over a quarter of cancer deaths in developed countries.4 Around half of current smokers will be killed by their habit if they continue to smoke. And 25-40% of smokers will die in middle age 5 6 Smoking causes even more deaths from other respiratory diseases and heart conditions than from cancer.2 If current trends continue, scientists estimate that tobacco will kill about one billion people in the twenty-first century.2 Back to top Smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer Studies from Europe, Japan and North America have shown that 9 in 10 lung cancers are caused by smoking.2 7 In 2002, lung cancer killed around 33,600 people – about one person every 15 minutes.8 Tobacco smoke was first shown to cause lung cancer in 1950.9 This study found that people who smoked 15-24 cigarettes a day had 26 times the lung cancer risk of non-smokers. And people who smoked less than 15 cigarettes a day still had 8 times the lung cancer risk of non-smokers. After these first results came out, UK scientists began a large study of smoking in British doctors, which Cancer Research UK has helped to fund.10 This British Doctors’ Study has provided much of our current knowledge about the dangers of smoking.