by Sujata Dandale Deptt of Plant Pathology Dr.PDKV., Akola

1. Monitoring of greenhouse gases and their
influence on global warming and climate
change
Course No. PP-605
Course title – Climate change and crop growth
Submitted to
Dr. D. V. Durge
Professor
Department of Agricultural Botany,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Presented
Sujata N. Dandale
Dept. of Plant Pathology

2. Content:
Green house gases
Kyoto protocol: some quetionaries, objectives, india
and protocol
Carbon trading: its advantages
Clean development mechanism
Green house gas observing satellite

3. Green House Gases
• A greenhouse gas (abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an
atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within
the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental
cause of the greenhouse effect.
OR
• Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the
greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced
by solar warming of the Earth's surface.

4. Are GHG changing in the atmosphere?
• The concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
are increasing due to human activities.
• The Industrial Revolution has resulted in an increase in the
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere of about 30%, from
280 ppm around the year 1700 to a value of over 360 ppmv at
the present day.
• Data from ice cores show that during the 17th and 18th
centuries the CH4 concentration in the atmosphere was about
0.7 ppmv.
• The current CH4 concentration is more than double that
value, approximately 1770 ppb.

5. Do we know why?
• The increasing concentration of CO2 is caused by the
burning of fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), and
the destruction of forests. These activities release
large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere.
• The main natural source of CH4 is from wetlands. A
variety of other sources of CH4 result directly or
indirectly from human activities, for example from
ruminant animals, rice paddies, leakage from natural
gas pipelines, and from the decay of rubbish in
landfill sites.
• However, CH4 growth rates have declined since the
1990s, potentially due to reduced gas pipeline leaks
and the drying of wetlands.

6. Why do we expect climate to change?
• Increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere will absorb more thermal radiation, and
the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere will
warm. This extra warming is called the enhanced
greenhouse effect.

7. Different Green House Gases
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Produced by living organisms and fermentation.
 Released through - Natural processes
Respiration,
Volcano eruptions
Human activities –
Deforestation,
Land use changes,
Burning fossil fuels.
 Emissions from fuel burning, responsible for about 87 % of
global warming, have increased by about 27 % since the
industrial revolution
• Before the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric
concentration of CO2 was about 280 ppm.
• In March 2015, the monthly average went above 400 ppm for
the first time.
• India - world’s sixth largest emitter of CO2.

8. 2. Methane:
Methane is a naturally occurring, in-flammable gas.
A hydrocarbon gas
Produced both through – Natural
-Wetland methane emissions
-Aerobic methane production
-Arctic methane emissions
- Human activities
-Ruminant digestion
- Fossil fuel production
-Manure management associated
with domestic livestock.
It is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide
But much less abundant in the atmosphere.

9. Nitrous oxides (N2O)
 Nitrous oxides are naturally occurring from microbial action in
soil.
 produced by - fuel burning,
- soil cultivation practices(especially the use of
commercial and organic fertilizers)
- fossil fuel combustion,
- nitric acid production, and
- biomass burning.
 Scientists say its production is increased by the use of
nitrogen based fertilizers in agriculture, as well as by the use
of catalytic converters in automobiles.

10. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the coolant, cleaning, and
propellant gases were blacklisted internationally due to its
ozone-eating characteristics.
Synthetic compounds of entirely of industrial origin used in a
number of applications, but now largely regulated in
production and release to the atmosphere by international
agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of the
ozone layer
CFCs do contribute to global warming. Thus global warming
potential of CFCs is 4,000 to 10,000 times that of CO2.

11. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Very low atmospheric concentration makes it an ideal
test gas for gas concentration monitors.
Principle uses: insulating material for high-voltage
equipment like circuit breakers at utilities.
Also used in water leak detection for cable cooling
systems.
SF6 is a man-made gas.

12. Water vapour:
The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
is water vapour, but humans are not directly increasing
its amount.
However, it is anticipated that atmosphere increases in
other greenhouse gases will lead to global warming,
which will in turn lead to increased water vapour in the
atmosphere because of increased evaporative capacity.
Therefore, increase in water vapour is viewed as a
feedback from the increases in the anthropogenically
produced greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, the
hydrocarbons and N2O rather than as an
anthropogenically generated greenhouse gases.

14. Increasing global CO2 emissions and changing sources

15. Have greenhouse gas emissions caused
global temperatures to rise?
• Greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to
increase in the atmosphere. This is due largely to
human activities, mostly fossil fuel use, land-use
change, and agriculture. About 47% of the warming
effect of greenhouse gas increases over the last 100
years is due to carbon dioxide.
• The second most important greenhouse gas produced
by human activities is methane, which accounts for
about 35% of the increased warming over the past 100
years (this is an important aspect of New Zealand's
greenhouse gas emissions since sheep and cows
produce methane).

16. • Warming by greenhouse gases is offset in some regions
by cooling due to small airborne particles generated by
burning fuel. These are concentrated around areas of
industrial activity in the Northern Hemisphere and in
developing countries. (The cooling effect of aerosols
over the New Zealand region is expected to be small).
• Global mean surface temperature increased by 0.74°C
between 1906 and 2005, a change which is unlikely to
be entirely natural in origin. The balance of evidence
suggests a discernible human influence on global
climate. Much of the 1.8±0.5 mm yr-1 average global
sea level rise between 1961 and 2003 may be related
to the rise in global temperature.

17. • Measurement of greenhouse gases
emission and their levels.
Monitoring of GHG

18. What can we do about it?
• The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) came into force on 21
March 1994.
• The ultimate objective of the Convention is:
stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.

19. • New Zealand is a party to the UNFCCC and has signed the
Kyoto Protocol.
• The Kyoto Protocol commits us to returning our
emissions of greenhouse gases back to 1990 levels, on
average, over 2008-2012.
• Important contributions that can be made by ordinary
individuals are:
 Ensure maximum energy efficiency at home;
 Support where possible the provision of energy from
renewable sources;
 Drive a fuel-efficient car and choose means of transport
which tend to minimize overall energy use;
 When buying wood products, check that they originate
from a renewable source.

20. Different Agencies, Policies and
Satellite for monitoring on
Greenhouse Gases and doing
different activities to reduce
Greenhouse Gases

21. Global practices to reduce the emission
ICCA (The International Council for Chemical Association) has set eight principles for
reducing worldwide green house gas emission.
1. Develop a global framework to accelerate green house gas reduction, avoid
market distortions and minimize carbon leakage.
2. Focus on the largest, most effective and lowest cost abatement opportunities.
3. Push for energy efficiency
4. Development and Implementation of new technology.
5. Most efficient and sustainable use of available feedstock’s and energy.
6. Provide incentive for faster action by rewarding early movers that proactively
reduce their carbon emission.
7. Push for the most efficient and sustainable disposal, recovery and recycling
options
8. Develop technology cooperation to support abatement in developing countries

22. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at fighting global
warming.
The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of
achieving the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.“
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan,
and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
As of September 2011, 191 countries have signed and ratified the
protocol.
The only remaining signatory not to have ratified the protocol is the United
States. Other United Nations member states which did not ratify the
protocol are Afghanistan, Andorra and South Sudan.

23. Participation of countries in Kyoto Protocol
 Green indicates those countries who have signed and
ratified
 Grey indicates those countries who have not yet decided
 Dark red indicates those countries who have no intension to
ratify it

24. Why has the USA not ratified?
The USA backed out of the agreement in 2001. President Bush
believed the treaty would hinder the US economy. He also cited
uncertainties in the science and specific details within the
agreement as reasons for withdrawal.
Is the Protocol useless without the USA?
No. The Protocol represents 162 countries (62% of GHG
emissions) providing a strong majority to lead the fight against
climate change. Although climate change doesn’t appear to be a
priority at the US national level, numerous states are taking
action to reduce GHG emissions.

25. How will the Kyoto Protocol be enforced?
Compliance and enforcement of the Protocol is governed by a
Compliance Committee made up of two branches: a Facilitative Branch
and an Enforcement Branch. The Enforcement branch has the power
to determine sanctions for countries not meeting their commitments.
What’s new with the Kyoto Protocol?
In December 2005, Canada hosted the first U.N. session for the Kyoto
Protocol called the Meeting of Parties (MOP1). During this meeting, a
new chapter in action on global climate change was written. The
signatory nations agreed to extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol beyond
2012 and increase reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The
agreement is being called the “Montreal Action Plan” or the MAP for the
future of the Kyoto Protocol.

26. Objectives of Kyoto Protocol
The main aim of the Kyoto Protocol is to contain emissions of the main
anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGs) in ways
that reflect underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth,
and capacity to make the reductions.
The ultimate objective of the Kyoto Protocol is the "stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.“
Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing an
adaptation fund for climate change.
Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to ensure the integrity of the
Protocol.
Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforce compliance with the
commitments under the Protocol.

27. INDIA AND KYOTO PROTOCOL
India signed and ratified the Protocol in August, 2002.
Since India is exempted from the framework of the treaty, it
is expected to gain from the protocol in terms of transfer of
technology and related foreign investments.
India maintains that the major responsibility of curbing
emission rests with the developed countries, which have
accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

28. Carbon trading:
An exchange of credits between nations designed to reduce
emissions of carbon dioxide. The carbon trade allows countries
that have higher carbon emissions to purchase the right to release
more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from countries that have
lower carbon emissions.
The carbon trade originated with the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and is
intended to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions to 5% below
1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.

29. What are the carbon markets?
Carbon markets have developed in order to facilitate the trade in carbon
credits and help to mitigate climate change in a cost effective way.
1) Regulated carbon markets, which are regulated by international rules
defined in the Kyoto Protocol and includes Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) carbon projects.
2) voluntary carbon markets, which are unregulated and includes a range of
different trading relationships and voluntary project standards.
The commodity which is traded in carbon markets is ‘tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent’ (tCO2e) One tCO2e is often called a carbon ‘credit’ and
carbon credits are bought and sold in carbon markets in a similar way to
other commodities.

30. Clean development mechanism
The CDM is one of the flexible market mechanisms regulated under the Kyoto
Protocol, which allows Annex 1 (developed) countries to meet their emissions
targets by implementing reduction projects in non-Annex 1 (developing)
countries. Credits which are generated from CDM projects are referred to as
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
CDM projects by location
Many of the CDM projects are located in the more advanced developing
countries rather than in the least developed countries (LDCs). For example,
China, India and Brazil host 71% of CDM projects.

31. CDM projects by type
Several types of CDM project have been developed. Renewable energy
projects account for more than 50% of the total registered projects and energy
efficiency projects constitute 11%. By November 2009, there were only six
registered forestry projects (1 afforestation, 5 reforestation).
1. Hydro
2. Wind
3. Biomass

32. PARTIES INVOLVED IN CARBON TRADING
PROJECT ENTITY: Joint venture company or a limited partnership that
are set up specifically to undertake the project
SPONSOR: Individuals, companies or other entities that support a
project who have a direct or indirect interest in the project.
LENDER: If the project is financed through debt, one or more banks
may be involved in providing this.
EQUITY PROVIDER: Equity may be provided by project sponsors or
third party investors who ensure that the project produces a ROI as set
out in the business plan or prospectus.
CONSTRUCTOR: Who have responsibility for the completion of the
works, & often have to assume liability for finishing construction on time
and to budget.
OPERATOR: Person responsible for the operation and maintenance of
the project facilities once completed

33. ADVANTAGES OF CARBON TRADING
New cash source to companies who are able to maintain
their emission levels well within the permissible limits.
The overall ecological balance is preserved.
The company or country gets rewarded for applying clean
technology in its production process.
A much better corporate and social image which wins public
approval.
Encourages activities like tree plantings which would help
reduce soil salinity, improve water quality and
enhance biodiversity.

34. POSITION OF INDIA
India is considered as the largest beneficiary, claiming
about 31 % of the total world carbon trade through CDM.
It is expected to rake in at least Rs 22,500 crore to Rs
45,000crore over a period of time and Indian companies
are expected to corner at least 10 per cent of the global
market in the initial year.
If India can capture a 10% share of the global CDM market
annual CER revenues to the country could range from US$
10million to 300 million.

35. INDIAN COMPANIES: TAKING ADVANTAGE
Gujarat Fluoro Chemicals is amongst first companies
world wide to get its carbon emission reduction project
certified. It is set to reap rewards from the sale
of CER credits from this year itself
Tata Steel is believed to have signed a MoU with the
Japanese government agency “NEDO” for sale of credits
accruing to it from carbon reduction following the
implementation of an over Rs 250crore modernization
and up gradation project
NTPC and several state electricity boards have also
applied for carbon credit benefits. Most of them are
replacing coal-based technologies with more
environment-friendly processes

36. INDIAN COMPANIES: TAKING ADVANTAGE
Of the 15 projects approved by the UNFCCC so far, four
are Indian. These four are:
1. Gujarat Fluoro chemicals,
2. Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd,
3. The Clarion power project in Rajasthan and
4. The Dehar power project in Himachal Pradesh
The country accounted for 283 CDM projects out of the
819registered by the CDM Executive Board, the
environment ministry, the World Bank and the International
Emissions Trading Association.

37. Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite or GOSAT, is an Earth
observation satellite and the world's first satellite dedicated
to greenhouse gas monitoring.
It measures densities of carbon dioxide and methane from 56,000
locations on the Earth's atmosphere.
The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA) and launched on January 23, 2009, from
the Tanegashima Space Center.
Japan's Ministry of the Environment and National Institute for
Environmental Studies (NIES) use the data to track gases causing
the greenhouse effect and share the data with NASA and other
international scientific organizations.
Mission duration is 5 years.

38. India to have satellite to monitor
green house emission
A dedicated satellite would be launched with the support of
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) by 2012 to
monitor India's greenhouse gas emission.
The objective is to study the impact of climate change,
fallout of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment by
monitoring it through satellite technology