1. EDU 703 MODERN
EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES
Part B
Educational Technology

2. • Combination of two terms
• Education + Technology
• Education
- process of bringing up or leading out
the inherent potentialities from the pupil.
-process by which the knowledge, skills
and attitude are transmitted to the members
of the society.

3. • Technology refers to the techniques as well as
technical contrivances which enhance a
process
• It is a systematic way of applying the
technique to achieve an objective

4. Educational Technology
• It can be therefore defined as the systematic
application of technology in the field of
education

5. • According to G.O.M. Leith ‘Educational
Technology is the application of scientific
knowledge about learning and the conditions
of learning to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of teaching and learning.’

6. Concept of Educational Technology
• Wider term which is more than the sum of its
parts
• It comprises
• Technology in Education
• Technology of Education

7. Technology in Education
• Use of Audio-Visual Aids in education
• Use of hardware in education

8. Technology of Education
• Use of techniques and methodologies of
teaching and learning
• Software aspect

9. A-V Aids
Educational Technology
A-V Aids

10. Meaning of Educational Technology
• It is a system of 5M’s
• Machines
• Materials
• Men
• Media
• Methods
• Works together for the fulfilment of specific
educational objectives

11. Meaning of ET
• ET connotes three meaning
• ET 1
• ET 2
• ET 3

12. ET 1
• Refers to the application of Physical Science
and Engineering Technology for instructional
purposes
HARDWARE APPROACH

13. ET 2
• Refers to the application of scientific principles
to instruction. (Psychological Theories)
SOFTWARE APPROACH

14. ET 3
• Modern view of educational technology
• It incorporates ET 1 and ET 2
SYSTEM APPROACH

15. Nature and Characteristics of ET
• ET is the application of scientific principles to
education
• It lays stress on the development of methods
and techniques for effective teaching-learning
• It emphasis the designing of measuring
instruments for testing learning outcomes
• It involves input, output and process aspect of
education

16. • It is not synonym of use of audio-visual aids
• ET is a comprehensive term and is not to be
viewed in terms of its parts or processes.
• It includes instructional technology, teaching
technology, programmed learning, micro-
teaching etc..
• ET includes instructional design, audiovisual
media, learning process, teaching strategies
and evaluation techniques.

17. Significance of Educational Technology
• Helps to release the teacher from the
routine role of information giving
• More time for planning, arranging and
evaluating learning experiences and
outcomes
• Creation of multi-media learning
environments in classrooms

18. Significance of ET
• Involvement of maximum senses
• Utilises maxims of teaching
o Proceed from known to unknown
o Proceed from simple to complex
o Proceed from easy to difficult
o Proceed from concrete to abstract
o Proceed from particular to general

19. Significance of ET
• Attention compellers
• Motivating force
• Reduce verbalism and monotonous teaching
• Helps in clarifying concepts
• Substitute for direct experience
• Meets inadequate resources
• Develops scientific attitude

20. Significance of ET
• Helps in better learning and retention
• Makes teaching learning attractive,
inspirational and effective
• Cater to individual differences of students

21. Principles of Educational Technology
• Principle of Purposiveness
• Principle of Economy
• Principle of Ease in the use of an aid
• Principle of Availability
• Principle of Simplicity
• Principle of Stimulation
• Principle of Self -preparation

22. Audio- Visual Aids
• Materials that help to make learning
experiences clear and vivid by appealing to
these senses are called a-v aids.
• The effective application of such technology is
audio-visual technology

23. Also known as..
• Educational communication technology
• Audio visual media
• Learning resource
• Instructional or educational media

24. Audio-Visual Aids
• A-V aids are multisensory materials which
motivate and stimulate the individual.
• These are planned educational materials that
appeal to the senses of the pupil quicken
learning facilities for clear understanding.

25. A-V aids
• According to Edgar Dale “ audio-visual aids are
those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and
groups in various teaching and training
situations is helped”.

26. Psychology of using A-V aids

27. Research Shows that...
People generally remember...
10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they see and hear
70% of what they say
90% of what they say and do
This arithmetic, though not exact, highlights the
importance of av aids

28. CLASSIFICATION OF A-V AIDS

29. Classification of A-V Aids
Projected aid
Non Projected aid
Activity aids

30. Projected aids
Projected aid is one which items to be observed
is projected on a screen using electronic and
mechanical devices.

32. Film Projector
• Films in the form of motion pictures
• It enrich learning by presenting a series of
meaningful experience involving motion
• Can enlarge or reduce the actual size of the
object to suit the need

33. Film Strip Projector
• Film strip is the connected series pictures,
drawings or photographs
• Some film strips are accompanied with sound

34. Slide Projector
• The picture or diagram which are drawn in
suitable medium is called Slide. (Glass or
Transparency)

35. Episcope and Epidiascope
• Episcope is used for the projection of opaque
objects
• Pictures, photographs, drawing or an opaque
material within the size of the platform of the
episcope can be projected
• Epidiascope can project opaque as well as
transparent objects

37. OHP
• This is called Over Head Projector because it
projects the image behind and over the head of
the teacher
• The transparent visual is placed on a horizontal
platform at the top of the light source
• The teacher can place the transparent plate on
the platform and write or draw on it anything
that is to be visualised using suitable pen

38. LCD Projector
• LIQUID Crystal Display is the most advanced
and sophisticated projected aid
• LCD replaced all other projected and non
projected aids today
• Can present a topic by using computer made
slide, graph, pictures, video clips, movies and
special effects

39. Non Projected Aids
• Graphic Aids
• Display Boards
• Three Dimensional Aids
• Audio Aids

40. Graphic Aids
• They are visual aids such as graphs, pictures,
charts etc..
• They can convey the message by a
combination of written and pictorial visuals
that could be meaningful by suitable captions
• The criteria for good graphics are that they
should be simple, legible and brief

41. Graphic Aids
• Graphs
o Shows relationship between
two variables
o Bar graphs, line graphs, pie
diagrams etc.
• Diagrams
o Explain many factors at
the same time
o Explain facts more
clearly

42. Graphic Aids
• Posters
 bold and attractive
representation of ideas
 Catches eye and conveys
the massage
• Maps
• Accurate representation
• Geographical
• Industrial
• Political
• Historical

43. Graphic aids
• Cartoon
• Humorous and exaggerated
caricature of a person or
situation in the form of picture
or sketch
• Comics
• Series of cartoon depicting
a story

44. Graphic aid
• Flash Card
• used in language especially
in Lower Classes
• Exhibits for a few seconds
• Picture and Photographs
• Makes the ideas clear and
comprehensive

45. Charts
• Combination of graphic and pictorial media
• Different types are display chart, flow chart,
tabular chart, tree chart, time chart

46. Display Aids
• Black Board
• Roll up board
• Peg Board

47. • Hook and Loop Board

48. • Flannel Board

49. Display boards
• Bulletin Board • Magnetic Board

50. Three Dimensional Aids
• Models
• Models are concrete
representations of objects, their
size being adjusted to make it
handy and conveniently
observable. It clearly exhibits the
structure or function of the
original
• Objects
Objects may be defined as the
real things from their
natural settings eg. Rock,
Coin, Stamp

51. Three Dimensional Aids
• Specimen
Part of an object which has
been removed for
convenient observation
• Mock-ups
an operating model usually for
a process, designed to be
worked with directly by the
learner for specific training
or analysis
It is an imitation of real
process

52. Diorama
• Three dimensional scene in depth,
incorporating a group of modelled
objects and figures in a natural settings.

53. Audio Aids
• Radio
• Recoding Instruments

54. Activity Aids
• Field trip and excursion
• Exhibition
• Demonstration

55. Activity Aids
• Dramatisation

56. Museum

57. Planetarium

58. Aquarium

59. terrarium
• Used for rearing plants or animals under
natural condition

60. Vivarium

64. Computer Assisted Instruction
• Self learning technique
• Offline or online
• Interactive instructional technique
• Combination of text, graphics, sounds and
video

65. Teaching Machine
• A piece of device designed
to be operated by a
student
• The student is presented
with a question
• He/she has to respond
either by writing or by
pressing a button to
indicate the correct answer
• An account is kept of the
response made by student

66. Dale’s Cone of Experience
• Edgar Dale, the exponent of audio-visual aids
in teaching is the originator of ‘Cone of
Experiences’
• The Diagram appears in his book ‘Audio-Visual
Methods in Teaching’ (1964)

67. • All the learning
experiences which can be
utilised for classroom
teaching are sown by
Edgar Dale in a pictorial
form which he called the
cone of experiences

69. Categories of Cone of Experience
• Direct Purposeful Experiences
• Contrived Experiences
• Dramatic Participation
• Demonstration

70. Categories of Cone of Experience
1. Direct Purposeful
Experiences
2. Contrived Experiences
3. Dramatic Participation
4. Demonstrations
5. Field Trips
6. Exhibits
7. Motion Picture
8. Radio, Recordings, still
pictures
9. Visual Symbols
10. Verbal Symbols

71. 1. Direct Purposeful Experiences
• Gained through experience
• Not only direct but also purposeful
• It provides a means to establish correct initial
concepts in the minds of pupil

72. 2. Contrived Experiences
• Experience gathered from a working model
which is an editing of reality and differs the
original either in size or in complexity

73. Educational Significance of OHP
1. A projected image has great power to hold attention of the
audience for a long time
2. Projected images are effective for a big class
3. Projected image claries the information
4. Comparative light weight of the equipment makes it portable
5. Saves time
6. No need of darkening the room
7. The operation task of OHP is very simple

74. Educational Significance of LCD
• Any information displays in the computer
screen can be projected
• Can project anything such as still pictures,
motion films and animated films
• Makes e-leaning possible for a large group
• Can provide sound effects also
• Consumes less amount of electricity
• Thin, light weight and easy to use

75. Educational Television
• USA started using television for instruction
purpose in 1932
• Television first came in India in 1959 (Doordarsan)
• Second TV station was established in Mumbai in
1972
• Television got a boost in 1982 when broadcast
started in colour
• In 1990 a foreign channel CNN started
broadcasting

76. Educational Television
Govt. of India started many projects to use
education as an instructional media
• Secondary school television project(1961)
• Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (1975)
• Indian National satellite project (1982)
• UGC- Higher Education Television Project (1984)
• IGNOU Doordarsan Telecast (1991)
• Gyandarshan educational channel (2000)

77. Educational Significance of
Educational Television
• Television is the best available teacher to teach
a large number of students
• Provides common experience to all
• Provides an opportunity to the teachers to
observe the instructional strategies of other
teachers
• Provides technical advantage not ready
available in the classroom
• Each student get feeling that they are
sitting at the front row of the class

78. Educational Significance of
Educational Television
• It can incorporate useful films
• Films can bring into classroom without any
preparation
• Permits inclusion of up-to-date information

79. Educational Significance of
Recording Instruments
• Valuable classes can be preserved
• Tape recorder is economical. Tape can be
erased and reused
• Speeches of well-known personalities can be
recorded at convenient place and can bring to
the school for replay
• Provides flexibility for the teacher to edit and
evaluate material
• Being a kind of voice mirror, it can be
used for improving spoken language

80. Educational Significance of
Recording Instruments
• Pre-recorded lessons on languages teaches not
only content but the correct pronunciation,
proper accent and intonations
• Recordings can be easily done from other
sources
• Oral recordings of students can be used for
criticism and remediation
• Debate, discussions and seminars can be
recorded for review and evaluation

81. Test
1. Use of Hardware in Education is Technology ------
----Education
2. ET 3 is known as ------------approach
3. Which are the 5M’s in Educational Technology?
4. ET 1 is known as ----------approach
5. Write any two maxims of teaching
6. Write any two Principles of Educational
Technology

82. Classification of A-V Aids
Projected aid
Non Projected aid

83. 8. Name any two graphic aids
9. Epidiascope projects ------------------as well as
transparent material
10.Full form of LCD
11.Give an example of activity aid
12.‘Cone of Experience’ was designed by ----------
-------

84. Categories of Cone of Experience
1. Direct Purposeful
Experiences
2. Contrived
Experiences
3. -------------------------
4. Demonstrations
5. -----------------------
6. ----------------
7. Motion Picture
8. Radio, Recordings, still
pictures
9. ------------------------
10. Verbal Symbols

85. 14. --------------is used for rearing plants or
animals under natural condition
15. Series of Cartoon depicting a story is ----------

86. Answers
1. Technology in Education
2. Systems Approach
3. .
Machines
Materials
Men
Media
Methods

87. 4. Hardware approach
5. Proceed from Known to unknown, from easy
to difficult
6. Principle of purposiveness, principle of
economy
7. Activity aids
8. Picture, chart
9. Opaque

88. 10.Liquid Crystal Display
11.Dramatisation
12.Edgar Dale
14. Terrarium
15. comics

89. Categories of Cone of Experience
1. Direct Purposeful
Experiences
2. Contrived Experiences
3. Dramatic Participation
4. Demonstrations
5. Field Trips
6. Exhibits
7. Motion Picture
8. Radio, Recordings, still
pictures
9. Visual Symbols
10. Verbal Symbols