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                                    大里仁愛醫院  急診部  孫一誠 醫師
一氧化碳中毒之流行病學 美國平均每年約5萬人,因一氧化碳中毒至急診就醫,其中5百多人因一氧化碳中毒而致死。 與氣候相關:冬季 國內目前並無實際統計數據! 30%一氧化碳中毒病患未被診斷出來! 一氧化碳中毒存活者中,約10~30%會有永久性神經精神的併發症。
一氧化碳來源 存於一般大氣:<0.001% 無色、無味、無刺激性之毒性氣體,易由肺部吸收 大部分由肺部以原型氣體方式排出 體內自生產物: 正常體內一氧化碳產物與血紅素結合量極少 抽煙者		CO-Hb:5~10% 非抽煙者	CO-Hb:1~3%
暴露途徑
一氧化碳中毒之機轉 一氧化碳對血紅素的親和力約為氧氣的200倍 ,[object Object]
組織缺氧:O2-Hemoglobin (O2-Hb) 離解曲線向左移,氧氣無法由血紅素分離釋放至組織間,致細胞缺氧
細胞內窒息:直接與粒腺體內呼吸鏈之細胞色素氧化酶a3(cytochrome a3 oxidase)作用, 阻斷ATP能量之製造,干擾細胞呼吸,導致化學性缺氧,[object Object]
急性一氧化碳中毒之臨床症狀 非特異性 頭痛、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐…等如流行感冒或腸胃炎的症狀 常混淆而誤診。 與煙霧吸入有關 常同時間很多人罹病。
急性一氧化碳中毒臨床症狀 10 無症狀 CO-HB level 症狀、預後與到院所測濃度無關 20 輕度頭痛、呼吸困難 co- 30 頭痛、噁心、嗜睡、輕度虛弱 40 噁心、嘔吐、昏厥、重度全身虛弱 50 中度意識喪失、抽搐、心律不整 60 重度昏迷 70 潛在性致死
一氧化碳中毒之對孕婦/胎兒之危害 CO很容易經過胎盤進入胎兒 比母親晚達到peak level與higher peak,且最終一氧化碳濃度可比母親高10~15% 預後: 致畸胎 胎兒受損比例增加(神經功能受損,低體重) 母親易引發自發性流產,死產
一氧化碳中毒之神經精神後遺症Delayed NeuropsychologicSequelae 出現在急性期緩解後2~40天(平均22.4天)。 危險因子只有年齡 認知缺陷、記憶受損、計算能力變差、視力受損、人格改變、定向力喪失、運動不能、帕金森症候群、步態不穩、大小便失禁、情感性精神病、行為退化、憂鬱、焦躁、強迫症 病因:可能由於缺氧,缺血後再灌注傷害,氧游離基,神經軸突去髓鞘化及NO造成神經功能受損 預後:60% 的病人於一年內復原
一氧化碳中毒之神經精神後遺症Delayed NeuropsychologicSequelae Risk Factors: 年紀大者易併發外,其餘無法預測 Lesions:  cerebral cortex thalamus substantianigra white matter basal ganglion
A B C D E F
G H I J
一氧化碳中毒之診斷 臨床醫師高度懷疑 病史詢問:工作環境或家裡是否使用瓦斯或相關電熱設備;是否為密閉空間;其他人是否有類似症狀 CO-Hb值之測定:濃度上升,可確定診斷; 但濃度正常並不足以排除此診斷 	(血中一氧化碳濃度可從動脈或靜脈中取樣測量) 脈搏氧氣測定計(pulse oximetry)無法區分一氧化碳血紅素和氧合血紅素 一氧化碳中毒後須進行詳細的神經檢查及神經精神方面的測驗 腦部電腦斷層對於診斷急性一氧化碳中毒並無幫助; 但可協助診斷排除其他引起神智改變的原因
一氧化碳中毒之相關臨床檢查 CO-Hb level Arterial blood gas Biochemistry: CPK/MB, TnT/TnI, Lactate, LDH, SGOT/SGPT, glucose CBC Screening tests for drug & alcohol intoxication ECG CXR Neuropsychological testing CT, MRI
一氧化碳中毒之治療 立即將病患移離一氧化碳的環境 給予100% 正常氣壓的氧氣給6小時,直到所有症狀都消失 維持呼吸道的暢通 考慮高壓氧治療
一氧化碳中毒之高壓氧治療機轉 3-4 hrs 1 hr 15-23 mins 1 atm 1 atm 2.5-2.8 atm 100% O2 100% O2 ROOM Air ,[object Object]
Half-Life of COHb,[object Object]
一氧化碳中毒之預防 行政院勞工委員會所訂定之「勞工作業環境空氣中有害物容許濃度標準」,勞工作業環境空氣中一氧化碳容許濃度為35 ppm。 各種燒燃料之加熱系統需定期專業保養,並維持在通風環境。 車輛引擎運轉時,不應逗留在密閉空間。 熱水器應裝置室外,並維持通風。 高危險工作處所,可裝置一氧化碳偵測儀。 職業安全教育的推廣及工業安全規範的要求。
資料來源:行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. The images were obtained with the use of highly sensitive 3-T MRI; typical clinical 1.5-T scans would generally depict less damage. White-matter fiber tracks are revealed on diffusion tensor imaging in a 21-year-old normal volunteer (Panels A and B) and in an age-matched patient with a history of carbon monoxide poisoning (Panels C and D). Each image is a fractional anisotropy map obtained by acquiring data in 32 diffusion directions. The average variances of the fractional anisotropy values and the apparent diffusion coefficient values of the corpus callosum differed significantly more in the patient with carbon monoxide poisoning than in the normal subject. Panels E and F show coronal T2-weighted images of the hippocampus in a normal volunteer and in a patient after carbon monoxide poisoning, respectively. Hippocampal atrophy (Panel F, arrows) was found in the patient.
  2. In a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning, abnormally increased T2 signals are revealed on axial T2-weighted images of the globus pallidus (Panel G, arrows) and on spin-echo imaging of subcortical structures (Panel H, arrows). The results of auditory functional MRI after carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with previously normal auditory acuity shows normal activation after auditory stimulation of the right ear (Panel I, arrows) and no activation after auditory stimulation of the left ear (Panel J). This pattern is consistent with normal auditory processing on one side (the right, in this case) but suppression of processing on the other side, presumably in relation to brain injury from carbon monoxide poisoning.