Good Design is an outcome of basic elements and principles of design and it certainly helps to learn how they are recognized in a given frame and thus make an impact.

1. ELEMENTS OF SPACE &
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
( IN LANDSCAPES
&
LANDSCAPING )
By: Surashmie Kaalmegh
Faculty in Dept. of Interior Design,
LAD College,
Nagpur

2. A design -- is an
arrangement,
A way of organizing something
in arts and crafts, even though
we use many different
materials, ------the visual
appearance can be reduced to
(that is what our eye sees &
our brain decodes)
six Elements of design.
They are:-
color,
line,
shape,
value / space,
texture,
form, .
They are what
we organize.They are the tools
Visual Elements
(art elements)
For any art forms

3. Line is a mark with greater length than width. Lines can be horizontal,
vertical or diagonal, straight or curved, thick or thin.

5. Space is the area between and around objects. The space around
objects is often called negative space; negative space has shape. Space
can also refer to the feeling of depth. Real space is three-dimensional

6. Shape is a closed line. Shapes can be geometric, like squares and circles; or
organic, like free formed shapes or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and can
express length and width.

7. Form are three-dimensional shapes, expressing length, width, and depth.
Balls, cylinders, boxes and triangles etc are forms .

8. Color is light reflected off objects. Color has three main characteristics: hue
or its name (red, green, blue, etc.), value (how light or dark it is), & intensity ( hot,
bright or dull)

10. Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt. Textures can be
rough or smooth, soft or hard.

12. Elements –
the basic visual
material with which to
make art..……
Principles –
ways to work with &
arrange elements ……
The principles of design
are how we organize or use the tools.
Principles of Design:
Ways to Enhance Usability, Influence Perception,
Increase Appeal, Make Better Design Decisions,
and Teach Through Design
The principles of design are :-
emphasis,
balance,
movement,
pattern,
proportion,
repetition,
rhythm,
variety,
unity.

13. 1. Emphasis & Subordination
Establishing centers of interest
which focus the viewer’s attention.
If all the elements are given relatively
equal weight, there will be no emphasis.
An area can be made to stand out by
contrasting it with other areas having
different size, color, texture, shape,
etc.

14. Views and focal points direct the eye to
different distances and draw people
through the garden. The best view
may even be beyond the garden itself,
or it could be from the house into the
garden. A focal point can be a beautiful
palm, a pond, a beautiful pot, or a statue.

15. 2. Balance is
the consideration of
visual weight and
importance. It is a way
to compare the right
and left side of a
composition.
symmetrical balance
often looks more stiff and
formal, sometimes it is
called formal balance.
Asymmetrical balance
symmetrical.
Radial balance
compositions, it is like a daisy
or sunflower with everything
arranged around a center
Balance can be achieved
through symmetry
in a formal garden (features
on one side of
an axis are mirror images of
those
on the other side) or by
asymmetry
(different features provide
balance
on each side of an axis,
such as a path).

16. 3. Directional Forces /
movement
Both implied and actual, they help guide
the eye and mind movement of the viewer.
They can also bind the work into a single entity.
Movement is the path the viewer’s eye
takes through the artwork, often to
focal areas. Such movement can be
directed along lines edges, shape and
color within the artwork.
Transition is handled with elements arranged
in logical order so that the viewer's eye is
drawn along. The draw might be a distant
view outside the actual garden, or it could
be changing textures, forms and size of
leaves and plants along a path.

17. 4. Pattern is the repeating of an
object or symbol all over the artwork.
Order is established through the
overall
framework of the design, as well
as
through its parts, such as trees
and
built structures. These are often
aligned
along a central axis such as a
view or walk.

18. 5. Scale & proportion
The real, apparent size of an object seen in
relation to other objects, people, its
environment, or the proportions of the picture
plane. --- Proportion
The size relationship of parts to the entire
work, and each to the other. Very often
associated with figural art.
when all parts (sizes, amounts,
or number) relate well with each other
Proportion is how the sizes of the
various elements of the design relate
to each other. Ideally, no element –
tree, shrub, pathway, or fence
– seem too large or too small compared
with others

21. 6.Repetition Repetition works with pattern to make
the artwork seem active. The repetition of elements of design creates unity
within the artwork.
The recurrence of a design element coupled with a certain order to the
repetition. Provides continuity, flow, direction forces etc.

22. 7. Rhythm
is created when one or more elements
of design are used repeatedly to create
a feeling of organized movement. Rhythm
creates a mood like music or dancing.
Rhythm is created from a sense
of motion as the viewer is led along,
seeing various parts of the garden
in sequence. To make the garden change
and move, elements such as paving or
wall surfaces can be repeated,
alternated, or inverted, or be
used in different sizes or colors.

23. 8. Variety is essential to keep rhythm
exciting and active,
moving the viewer around the artwork.
Variety is the use of several elements of
design to hold the viewer’s attention and to
guide the viewer’s eye through the artwork

24. 9. Unity is
The force operating within a work of art which can give it the
appearance of oneness or resolution. The consistency of the
concept.
Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the
artwork creating a sense of completeness.
Unity gives a garden consistency.
All the parts look as if they were meant to
be together, and no one plant, structure,
or feature dominates, unless it is intended as a focal point.

25. Contrast
Interaction of
contradictory elements.
Expresses the duality
seen in opposites.
Examples: Large &
Small, rough & smooth,
thick & thin, light & dark,
organic & geometric

26. The spatial context
Landscapes & Gardens

27. The spatial elements
 The four
vertical
planes
 The
overhead
plane
•The ground
Plane
WALLS
ROOFS
FLOORS

28. THE GROUND PLANE :

29. THE GROUND PLANE :

30. THE GROUND PLANE :

31. THE GROUND PLANE :

32. THE GROUND PLANE :

33. THE GROUND PLANE :

34. THE GROUND PLANE :

35. THE GROUND PLANE :

36. THE GROUND PLANE :

37. THE GROUND PLANE :

38. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

39. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

40. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

41. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

42. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

43. THE VERTICAL PLANE :

44. THE OVERHEAD PLANE :

45. THE OVERHEAD PLANE :

46. THE OVERHEAD PLANE :

47. THE OVERHEAD PLANE :

48. THE OVERHEAD PLANE :

50. references
 http://www.elline.blogspot.com
 http://www.ehow.com
 http://www.lawnmania.com
 http://www.esortment.com
 http://www.kwikkerb.org
 http://En.wikipedia.org
 http://www.dondn.com
 www.santafe.edu