Recording at https://youtu.be/pmOxbaz7j_c 1) Introduction: overview of realized projects and trends in innovations and product developments of coloured Building Integrated Photovoltaics 2) Technological Part: state-of-the-art colour implementation technologies; Colouring of polymeric encapsulants, front or back covers; coatings and printings on solar cells, films and cover glass 3) Experimental Part: colour efficiency in experimental measurements; relationship between colour and efficiency / power generation 4) Outlook: latest development trends, ongoing activities of IEA PVPS Task15

1. Introduction IEA & IEA PVPS Task 15
Michiel Ritzen, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences
Webinar Coloured building integrated photovoltaics - Market, Research and Development, February 7th 2020
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Agenda for this webinar
• Intro IEA PVPS & IEA PVPS Tas 15 – Michiel Ritzen
• Overview of projects – Pierluigi Bonomo
• Colouring: covers, coatings, printings, films – Gabriele Eder
• Impact on power generation efficiency - Erika Saretta

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What is IEA PVPS?
• The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in 1974, is an autonomous body within the
framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
• The Technology Collaboration Programme was created with a belief that the future of energy
security and sustainability starts with global collaboration. The programme is made up of
thousands of experts across government, academia, and industry dedicated to advancing
common research and the application of specific energy technologies.
• The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS) is one of
the Technology Collaboration Programme established within the
International Energy Agency in 1993
• 32 members - 27 countries, European Commission, 4 associations
• “To enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar
energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems”

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The global PV market is booming…
76 GW
Sources: IEA PVPS & PV Market Alliance
98 GW
2018
90 to 95 GW

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But BIPV application lags behind
Estimated share of BIPV in global PV market
in 2017
Estimated achieved share of the maximal
theoretical BIPV potential in Europe by
2017
Estimated share of BIPV in European
construction market (roof & façade) in 2017
<2%
<0.5%
<1%
Source: Becquerel Institute

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The built environment is a major player…
Source: Towards zero-emission efficient and resilient buildings, Global Status Report, Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GABC) 2016

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NoMyR (Not on My Roof)

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IEA PVPS Task 15
Enabling Framework for BIPV acceleration
It is not about a ‘grand vision’ on BIPV or
reaching ‘grid parity’, it is about the basic
conditions for upscaling niche markets and
products.

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Overview of IEA PVPS Task 15 phase 1
• A: BIPV database and book
• B: BIPV business models
• C: BIPV regulatory issues
• D: BIPV environmental issues
• E: BIPV R&D activities
Please visit http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=task15
For reports and more information!

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Overview of IEA PVPS Task 15 phase 2
• A: Technical Innovation System (TIS) Analysis for BIPV
• B: Cross-sectional analysis: learning from existing BIPV installations
• C: BIPV Guidelines
• D: Digitalization for BIPV
• E: Pre-normative international research on BIPV characterisation methods
Please visit http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=task15
For more information!

11. iea-pvs.org
Michiel Ritzen, IEA PVPS Task 15 phase 1 operating agent
Michiel.Ritzen@zuyd.nl

12. Coloured BIPV.
Overview of projects and trends in innovations
Dr. Pierluigi Bonomo, Head of Innovative Building Skin Team, SUPSI- Swiss BIPV Competence Centre
Coloured building integrated photovoltaics - Market, Research and Development
Copenhagen International School, (photo: P. Bonomo)

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Agenda
• Colored BIPV and
solar evolution
• New generation of
BIPV products
• New generation of
solar buildings
• Hints on challenges
and cost levels
Mehrzweckhalle Preisegg -Hasle bei Burgdorf (2013) SUPSI-SFOE - Photo: C. Martig

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BIPV is not a niche PV market…
• ..it is as part of the (future)
building vision
“…part of an urban
ecosystem producing food
and energy, providing clean
air and water… buildings
evolve from being passive
shells, into adaptive and
responsive organisms -
living and breathing
structures supporting the
cities of tomorrow”
(J. Hargrave, ARUP)
(Source:http://www.arup.com/homepage_imagining_buildings_of_the_future.aspx)

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Coloured BIPV?
Aesthetics
or ethics?
BIPV
PV shadings at Kingsgate House, Chelsea, UK (photo: P. Bonomo)

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©Spreitenbach Umweltarena, arch. Rene Schmid (photo: P. Bonomo)
Also conventional PV is coloured…

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PV shadings at Kingsgate House, Chelsea, UK (photo: P. Bonomo)

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Standard colour doesn’t mean standard architecture
©Spreitenbach Umweltarena, arch. Rene Schmid (photo: P. Bonomo)©Spreitenbach Umweltarena, arch. Rene Schmid (photo: P. Bonomo)

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Standard colour doesn’t mean standard architecture
Roof system with 3S Megaslate II Meyer Burger Technology AG
©ETHZ (www.solarchitecture.ch)
Spreitenbach Umweltarena, arch. Rene Schmid (photo: P. Bonomo)

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Palazzo Positivo, Chiasso, Switzerland, Gasser, SUPSI-SFOE. Photo: C. Martig
First generation:…standard colours

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Why BIPV? Is standard PV not enough?
Lugano, 1982 (TISO-SUPSI) Lugano, 2018 (LV windows)

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Why customization? Because there is not standard architecture
“A customer can have a car painted
any color he wants as long as it’s black”
Henry Ford
Ford Model «T» 1908–1927

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Solar evolution: beyond technology, beyond cosmetics
© HUGGENBERGERFRIES, Solaris, ZurichTISO-SUPSI
1982 2018

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Solar evolution is a change of concept
© HUGGENBERGERFRIES, Solaris, Zurich® Rolf Disch, Solar Settlement, Freiburg© Thomas Herzog, Solar house in Munich
1979 2002 today
First Age Second Age

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Second generation of products: new aesthetic potentials
(source: CSEM)
(source: Kaleo Solar)
(source: Kamaleon Solar)
Marble effect (spurce:Sunage SUNCOL)
(source: Faceactive-Batineg)
Lightweight system (spurce:Suolar Retrofit SA)

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(source: SUNOVATION)(source: ERTEX)(source: ISSOL
(source: SOLAXESS)
Second generation of products: new aesthetic potentials
(source: SWISSINSO)(source: COMPAZ)

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From “the sky is the limit” to “the glass in the limit”
Sunage, coloured PV modules for solar facades (photo: P. Bonomo) Umweltarena exibithion, Rene Schmid, Eternit, Raumweg solar facade systems (photo: P. Bonomo)

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Residential building renovation, Hofwiesenstrasse 22, Zürich, Switzerland, Viriden+Partner (© Viriden+Partner)
BIPV is…Built reality
Facade system GFT Fassaden AG
©ETHZ (www.solarchitecture.ch)

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Residential building, Switzerland, René Schmid Architekten (© René Schmid Architekten)
BIPV is…Built reality

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Autharchic building, Brutten, Switzerland, René Schmid Architekten (© René Schmid Architekten)
BIPV is…Built reality

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Solaris 416, Seestrasse 416, 8002 Zurich Wollishofen, Switzerland © HUGGENBERGERFRIES
BIPV is…Built reality
“Nobody can know that it is a
solar-powered house”.
www.solarchitecture.ch

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Platform for «sun as a building material»: www.solarchitecture.ch

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Challenges, drivers of innovation
• Aesthetics vs Energy performance
Which compromise?
• Customization vs standardization
Tailor made or standardized?
• Products quality and reliability
Building and PV performance
• Cost effectiveness
Higher cost, lower yield?
Source: Sunage SA

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Products quality and reliability, some key-topics
• Analysis of colour treatments and
electrical production (type og glass, glass
treatment, glass printing…)
• Analysis of treatment technology and
electrical safety/reliability (mono-
chromatic, multi-chromatic, patterns, etc.)
• Analysis of electrical behaviour in non
conventional scenarios (e.g. shading
tolerance, operative conditions)
Saretta, E., Bonomo, P.& Frontini, F. (2018) BIPV Meets Customizable
Glass: A Dialogue between Energy Efficiency and Aesthetics. In Conference
Proceedings of the 35th EUPVSEC

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Energy yield of coloured PV modules in the field
• How much energy is lost by increasing
the aesthetics of PV?
• Depending on the color technology, yield
differences respect to the reference
modules of 16-45% have been observed.
• The temperature of the modules is
affected by the coating color. A decrease
of up to 10ºC was observed for a white
module when mounted in Lugano at 45º
and open-rack conditions.
• The use of bifacial cells helps in
compensating some of the losses.
Project Responsible: Dr. Gabi Friesen. Funded by the Swiss
Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) under the project ENHANCE
ENHANCE Next Generation Photovoltaic Performance (source: SUPSI)

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Design & Construction process management
• Digitize the process for supporting
BIPV implementation
• Developing new software platforms for
BIPV design and simulation
• Increase Interoperability with the AEC
process
• Developing and validating simulation
models for BIPV
Alamy, P., Nguyen, V., Saretta, E., Bonomo, P., Romàn Medina, E., Vega de Seoane,
J.& Alonso, P. (2019) BIM – A booster for energy transition and BIPV adoption. In
Conference Proceedings of the 36th EUPVSEC
In partnership with:
Source: PVSITES www.pvsites.eu;, ConstructPV www.constructpv.eu; BIPVBOOST: www.bipvboost.eu

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Acceptance in sensitive context, new frontiers of solar
Source: Solstis SA.Source: Patrick Heinstein, CSEM
Rural House Galley, Route du village 50, Ecuvillens, Switzerland (Lutz architects) www.solarchitecture.ch

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Cost effectiveness: towards
How much does BIPV cost?
• What the cost is referred to?
(cladding, building skin, BOS)
• Which cost are we talking
about?
(final user, material, including
installation and planning…)
Is BIPV a cost or extra-cost?
Status Report SUPSI SEAC 2017- www.bipv.ch
D1.1 report on BIPV cost- www.bipvboost.eu

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Cost levels of BIPV systems
Black bars: avoided cost
due to the saving of
construction material
Grey bars: real extra-
cost to make active the
building component
with PV
Error bars show the
range (min-max) of the
received data
Extra costs of solar
roofs are higher than
solar facade!
Ventilated facade
Curtain wall
PV extra-costsBuilding costs
Status Report SUPSI SEAC 2017- www.bipv.ch
(Analysis of EU market based on industrial survey)

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Cost levels analysis in Swiss pilot buildings
Source: SUPSI, analysis of recent Swiss Pilot case-studies
with BIPV facades (some of them use experimental
systems). Average data
Planning
1%
BIPV:
Cladding
extra-cost
24%
BIPV: Electric
installation
7%
Monitoring
and O&M
1%
Planning
10%
Cladding
4%
Suspension
system
7%
Substructure
13%
Load-bearing
system
13%
Frame
elements
9%
End parts
2%
Construction
equipment
7%
Other
3%
BIPV facade total extra-cost 31%
(including BOS and electric installtion,on the
total building skin cost)
Extra-cost of BIPV Cladding 24%
Facade
building
skin
cost
breakdown
The average total extra-cost of a BIPV facade:
200-500 CHF/m2
…compared with non PV claddings:
• Laminated glass: 80 CHF/m2
• Fibercement: 250 CHF/m2
• Stone cladding: 400 CHF/m2

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Making BIPV a mainstream construction product
• Innovation (e.g. colored modules) to bridge
construction and PV sectors
 Product+process+digitization
 Qualification/certification approaches
• Significant cost reduction is planned to be
implemented by next years. Set-Plan declaration:
 50% by 2020
 75% by 2030
• Ongoing H2020 projects (BIPVBOOST, BE-SMART)
• Growing market demand (e.g. energy renovation in
EU) and strategic value-chain is the next step
Joint event BIPVBOOST & BE-SMART projects, October 2019 Zurich
(www.bipvboost.eu)

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The «colour» is “one” way of integration

43. iea-pvs.org
Pierluigi Bonomo, Task 15
pierluigi.bonomo.@supsi.ch

44. Colouring: covers, coatings, printings, films
Dipl. Ing. Dr. Gabriele C. Eder / Senior Researcher @ OFI Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna
PVPS Task 15 Webinar on “Coloured BIPV” 7.2.2020
Opus Architekten © Eibe Sönnecken; project: +e KIKa in Marburg;

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Construction of a typical BIPV modul
BIPV module
front cover /
glass or polymer
back cover /
glass or construction material
PV-active layer encapsulant

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© AGC Glass Europe
© lofsolar
© ertex-solar
Colour-tuning of components / BIPV products
Modification of front glass by coating, printing, special finishing or
colouring
Colouring of cells/active layers
• coloured anti-reflective coatings on solar cells (c-Si)
• plasmonic coating on c-Si cells
• coloured and/or semi-transparent PV-active layers (thin film, OPV)
Coloured/patterned interlayers and/or special solar filters
Coloured polymer films (encapsulant, backsheet)

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Design possibilites
• uniform colours
• patterns, pictures
• transparency
• surface finishing
• flexibility
• shape
• materials
•
www.onyxsolar.com
www.soltechenergy.com
Kromatix™ is a Swiss solar
glass innovation by SwissINSO
www.kaleo-solar.ch
©briefcom/bcn/csem;
© Flisom
© Solbian

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Colour-tuning of BIPV products
colour-
coating
printing
colourizing
material
colour has an impact on efficiency of PV-module
Technological possibilities and implementation

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Front glass surface techniques: spectrally selective coatings
• KromatixTM technology, developed by SwissINSO SA in partnership with EPFL (Swiss
Polytechnic Institute)
• specific sputtering nano-deposition technology
• uses a multi-layer reflective coating on the glass
• different colours such as grey, terracotta, blue, bluish-green, green and yellow can be realized
©Foto: Pascal Stadeli

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Front glass surface techniques: spectrally selective coatings
• MorphoColor developed by Fraunhofer ISE – inspired by the wings of the morpho butterfly
• Wavelength-selective reflection by interference in thin films combined with surface roughness
B. Bläsi et al., OSA Light, Energy and the Environment Congress (2016)
B. Bläsi et al., EUPVSEC (2017)
J. Eisenlohr et al., Advanced Building Skins (2018)

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MorphoColor
• 90-93 % of original efficiency compared to black modules
• Individual color choice
• Saturated colors
• Good angular color stability
• Reduced glare effect
1m2 modules, 93% of original efficiency measured
© Fraunhofer ISE
2.1 m2 coated glass pane
© Fraunhofer ISE

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Front glass surface techniques: printing
• Digital printing:before module production,
ceramic colours are printed on the front glass
using a 4-colour inkjet-printer
• The printings can be applied on
environmental side (plane #1) or
encapsulant side (plane #2)
• after heating to 650ºC, the ink fuses with the
glass to form a permanent bond (ceramic)
#1
#2
Geissler, A. et al. Proc.
32nd EU PVSEC 2016,
pp. 2470 - 2475

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Front glass surface techniques: printing
• Screen printing: the ink is applied through a fine
mesh screen onto the glass.
• By using different printing fabrics, inking can be
varied and used for numerous decorative effects.
• Example: a satin finish on the outer glass
surface (#1) is combined with screen-printing on
the inner side (#2).
→ reduction of the glass transparency
→ resulting coloured matt surface
Source: Viridén + Partner AG

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Colouring of active layers (thin film, OPV, DSSC)
• Third-generation technologies (i.e. organic solar
cells OPV and emerging PV technologies based
on dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs, perovskite
materials, etc.) and luminescent solar
concentrators (LSCs) are still a niche market
today.
→ problems: insufficient long-term stability and
reliability, low efficiency
Example of DSSC technology: a) SwissTech convention centre at
EPFL campus, Lausanne Switzerland (Source: BFE-SUPSI); b)
Austrian pavilion Expo Milan 2015, Italy (©Francesco Frontini).
Example of leaf-integrated OPV modules, in the German pavilion, Schmidhuber Architects, Expo
Milan 2015, Italy (left and centre:© Cristina Polo López). The OPV Solar Trees now stand in the
redesigned entrance area of Merck KGaA in Darmstadt (right © Merck KGaA)

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Semi-Transparency (thin film technologies)
• Semi-transparency of PV layers can be obtained
for amorphous silicon PV modules (a-Si) thanks
to laser treatment of the active layer that is
partially removed in order to increase the light
transparency.
• Different degrees of transparency can also be
obtained also with cadmium telluride (CdTe)
technology (SolTech Energy).
• For copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar
cells, Solibro Research has experimented with
partial removal of the semiconductor layer by dry
sand-blasting by using screen printing as a mask
CdTe; www.soltechenergy.com
a-Si; www.onyxsolar.com
CIGS; Source: Neretnieks, P.
Utveckling av semi-transparenta
solpaneler. in Solforum. 2017.
Västerås, Sweden.)

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Transparency – by cell arrangement (c-Si-cell technology)
• Building with BIPV-roofing with high transparency
Architects Peter Hartmann & Frank Leopold
Project “Giraffenhaus, Tiergarten Schönbrunn”, Vienna , Austria
www.burghauptmannschaft.at/uploads/690.906_tiergarten_schoenbrunn_Giraffenhaus.pdf

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Colouring of c-Silicon cells
coloured anti-reflective coatings on solar cells (c-Si)
• bare crystalline silicon (c-Si) presents high reflectance values (around 30 %)
→ c-Si-cells include antireflective (AR) coatings on their surfaces, having a coating thickness
optimized to increase the efficiency conversion (optimized AR coating → cells typical blue
colour)
→ Variations on the AR coating thickness shift the blue to other colors, having an impact on the
PV cell efficiency also.
www.lofsolar.com/Standard-PV-Module#6

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Colouring of c-Silicon cells
plasmonic coating on c-Si cells
• One approach for tuning the colour of c-Si solar cells relies on plasmonic colouring.
→ Metallic (Ag) nano-particles with a diameter of around 100 nm are created on the surface of
standard c-Si solar cells.
→ Plasmonic scattering by those nano-particles at around 450 to 550 nm causes a colour
change from blue to green.
→ The green colour results from plasmonic scattering and is found to be insensitive to the
angle of observation.
module made of c-Si cells coated with
Ag nano-particles.
Left: foto; Right: Electroluminescence
image of the module (no issues
related to shunts or contacting)
G.Perharz et al., Renewable Energy
109 (2017) p 542-550

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Coloured/patterned interlayers and/or special solar filters
Special solar filter interlayers:
• Scattering and reflection filters: developed by CSEM, the Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de
Microtechnique and commercialized by Solaxess SA.
• A selective filter is applied to the front of the glass cover. This filter reflects and diffuses solar
radiation within the VIS spectrum (white appearance), while the IR part is transmitted and
converted into electricity. (efficiency reduction of about 40%)
• Hi-res photos: CSEM as well Kaleo-Solar developed a technological solution for integrating
high-definition images into solar panels. A high-resolution photo printed on a film with special
inks is laminated between cells and the cover glass.
BIPV products that use
special solar filters: left:
“White” PV and coloured
modules (Source: CSEM,
http://www.csem.ch);
right: Kaleo Solar PV
module (Source:
©briefcom/bcn/csem;
www.kaleo-solar.ch)

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Coloured polymer films (encapsulant, backsheet)
• Coloured encapsulants can be used in combination with c-Si and thin film technologies.
Flooring BIPV products made of amorphous silicon with coloured
PVB. (www.onyxsolar.com)
Façade elements with coloured encapsulants using a CdTe
active layer (www.soltechenergy.com).

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Filed of tension: Efficiency / Aesthetics
Design: colour and
transparency
Performance

62. iea-pvs.org
Gabriele Eder / Task 13 and Task 15
gabriele.eder@ofi.at

63. Colored BIPV modules: Results from experimental campaigns
Erika Saretta, Research Assistant of Innovative Building Skin Team, SUPSI – Swiss BIPV Competence Centre
Colored building integrated photovoltaics - Market, Research and Development

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Why colored BIPV?
BIPV FACADES
Energy production
… from morning to afternoon
… for multistorey buildings, where
roof surfaces can be insufficient
Architectural Language
… the façade is more than a wall !
© SUPSI-BFE
© René Schmid Architekten

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Some customization options for colored BIPV modules
Position 1 Position 2
POSITION OF THE
COLOUR
TYPE OF GLASS TYPE OF COLOUR
Front Glass
PV cells
Colour
TECHNIQUES
Glassbel
Suncol

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How do glass customization
options affect the BIPV
electro-thermal behaviour?

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Contents
1. Experimental campaign on colored BIPV modules with mineral
coating
• Electro-thermal characterization of mono-chromatic BIPV modules
• Electrical characterization of multi-chromatic BIPV modules
2. Experimental campaign on colored BIPV modules with digital
glass printing

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1. Experimental campaign on
colored BIPV modules with
mineral coating

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Mono-chromatic BIPV modules
Electro-thermal characterization

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Methodology
ii. Power and temperature
measurements on single prototypes
i. INDOOR
CHARACTERIZATION
ii. OUTDOOR
CHARACTERIZATION
i. Power and electroluminescence
measurements on single prototypes

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Mono-chromatic BIPV Prototypes
• Glass/glass modules with 4 mono c-Si cells
• Front glass customized by combining three main design options:
- the glass type (float/satin finish)
- the positioning of the colour (position 1 or position 2)
- and colour type (applied with 10% of transparency)

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Terracotta
Mono-chromatic BIPV Prototypes
TransparentGreen
Blue Light grey Dark grey

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13,26 13,43
12,99
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
Terracotta, ∆PMAX = 1.1%
i. Power measurement – same colour and different glass type
15,90 15,56
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
Transparent, ∆PMAX = 1.3%Green, ∆PMAX = 0.3%
14,92 14,87
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
Blue, ∆PMAX = 1.3%
14,64 14,56 14,47
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
Light grey, ∆PMAX = 1.9%
14,48 14,61 14,76
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
Dark grey, ∆PMAX = 3.3%
15,63 15,44 15,45
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]

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Green
i. Power measurement – same glass type & different colors
Satin Finish – P2
15,56
15,44
14,6114,56
13,43
13,00
13,50
14,00
14,50
15,00
15,50
16,00
PMAX[W]
Float – P2 Float – P1
15,90
15,63
14,92
14,64
14,48
13,26
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
15,5615,45
14,8714,76
14,47
12,99
12,00
13,00
14,00
15,00
16,00
PMAX[W]
∆PMAX ref – dark grey = 17% ∆PMAX ref – dark grey = 14% ∆PMAX ref – dark grey = 17%
Transparent Blue Terracotta Light Grey Dark Grey

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ii. Outdoor Power and Temperature Measurements
Test-stand in Lugano (CH):
- Prototypes installed as façade elements and
equipped with MPPT,
- Monitoring of power output and modules
temperatures,
- Monitoring of irradiation and weather data.
GoogleMaps

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TEMP.
ii. Outdoor Power and Temperature Measurements
Reference
Blue
Light Grey
Terracotta
POWER
Reference
Blue
Light Grey
Terracotta

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ii. Comparison of PM & temperature outdoor measures
OUTDOOR @ 200W/m2
∆T = 0.4°C
OUTDOOR @ 400W/m2
∆T = 1.1°C
OUTDOOR @ 730W/m2
∆T = 2°C

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Multi-chromatic BIPV modules
Electrical characterization

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INDOOR
CHARACTERIZATION
OUTDOOR
CHARACTERIZATION
Methodology
iii. Mismatch calculated on single IV
curves from outdoor monitoring
i. Mismatch calculated on single IV
curves from indoor test
ii. Mismatch measured with PM on
combined prototypes at STC
iv. Mismatch measured on
combined prototypes

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i. Mismatch calculated on IV curves at STC
PMAX
PMAX
PMAX
Transparent Transparent
Transparent Blue
Transparent Terracotta

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31,14 30,94
29,91 29,74 29,79 29,15
0,0% 0,6%
3,9% 4,5% 4,3%
6,4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2 REF REF + BLUE BLUE + LIGHT
GREY
REF +
TERRACOTTA
BLU +
TERRACOTTA
LIGHT GREY +
TERRACOTTA
%OFREDUCTIONINCOMPARISONTO
REFERENCE
POWER[W]
1000 W/m2 % for 1000W/m2
i. Mismatch calculated on IV curves at STC

82. PVPS
82
ii. Mismatch measured on combined prototypes at STC
Ref + Blue Terracotta + Ref Terracotta + Blue
Blue + Light Grey Terracotta + Light Grey

83. PVPS
83
0,6%
1,1%
1,0%
0,7%
1,1%
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
28,00
28,50
29,00
29,50
30,00
30,50
31,00
31,50
REF + REF REF + BLUE BLUE + LIGHT
GREY
REF +
TERRACOTTA
BLUE +
TERRACOTTA
LIGHT GREY +
TERRACOTTA
POWER[W]
CALCULATED MEASURED Errors
ii. Mismatch comparison between calculation and measures

84. PVPS
84
iii. Mismatch calculated on IV curves from outdoor monitoring
%errorincomparisontoreferences

85. PVPS
85
iv. Mismatch comparison between calculation and measures
12,85 12,41
2,5
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]
OUTDOOR
@ 400W/m2
∆PMAX = 3.5%
OUTDOOR
@ 730W/m2
∆PMAX = 17.8%
6,39
7,48
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]
OUTDOOR
@ 200W/m2
∆PMAX = 14.6%
19,29
16,38
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]

86. PVPS
86
6,95 7,21
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]
iv. Mismatch comparison between calculation and measures
OUTDOOR
@ 400W/m2
∆PMAX = 25.8%
OUTDOOR
@ 730W/m2
∆PMAX = 11.3%
OUTDOOR
@ 200W/m2
∆PMAX = 3.6%
12,15
16,38
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]
18,46
16,38
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
17,5
20,0
Poweroutput[W]

87. PVPS
87
Results
For mono-chromatic modules:
• The main influencing parameter is the colour type
• Since a low % of colour is used, the operating temperature is not significantly affected
For multi-chromatic modules:
• The calculation method used for STC evaluation is accurate
• The same calculation method, when used for outdoor conditions, shows huge errors, due to
• colour type,
• spectral responsivity in real operating conditions,
• angle of incidents,
• …

88. PVPS
88
2. Experimental campaign on
colored BIPV modules with digital
printing

89. PVPS
89
Smart-Flex Project (2013-2016)
DEMONSTRATION OF THE FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING
OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND CUSTOMIZABLE BIPV GLASS ELEMENTS
AT THE INDUSTRIAL SCALE AND FOR “ORDINARY” BUILDINGS
The SmartFlex project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, managed by the European Commission under Grant Agreement No.
ENER/FP7/322434/SMART-FLeX. http://www.smartflex-solarfacades.eu/home/

90. PVPS
90
Colored BIPV prototypes
Customization options
with digital printing
• Colour
• Thickness of the dots
• Printing degree
• Position 1 or 2
Printingdegree
0%
100%

91. PVPS
91
i. Power measurements at
STC and SR
ii. Power measurements at
different irradiance values
iii. Outdoor Power and
Temperature Monitoring
Methodology

92. PVPS
92
100%
91%
87%
70% 67%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
White
i. Power measurements at STC
100%
69%
39%
30%
22%
10%
68%
38%
29%
21%
10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 30% 60% 70% 80% 100%
Influence of color types
Poweroutput(%)
Poweroutput(%)
Influence of dot positioning
Position 1 Position 2
Transparent
Green
Black
Blackopaque

93. PVPS
93
98%
85%
70%
56%
46%
38%
30%
23%
17%
13%
100%
95%
82%
70%
56%
37%
15%
3% 2% 1% 1%
96%
93%
91%
89%
85%
83%
80%
78%
75%
73%
97%
94%
90%
87%
84%
80%
77%
74%
70%
66%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
i. Power measurements at STC
Influence of dots’ opacity
Poweroutput(%)
Printing Degree (%)
Black opaque Black White opaque White

94. PVPS
94
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
ExternalQuantumEfficiency(-)
Wavelenght (nm)
Transparent White Green Black
i. Spectral Responsivity

95. PVPS
95
100%
83%
59%
33%
16%
8%
100%
83%
59%
33%
16%
8%
100%
84%
59%
33%
16%
8%
100%
83%
58%
33%
16%
7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1200 1000 700 400 200 100
ii. Power measurements at different irradiation values
Influence of irradiance
Transparent White Green Black
Poweroutput(%)
Irradiance (W/m2)

96. PVPS
96
iii. Outdoor Power and Temperature Monitoring
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
6:43 9:07 11:31 13:55 16:19 18:43
ModuleTemperature(°C)
PowerOutput(W)
Time (hh:mm)
Module power and temperature (Clear day)
transp./(F) white/(G) black/(H_a)
green/(I) T - transp./(F) T - white/(G)
T - black/(H_a) T - green/(I)

97. PVPS
97
Results
• Colour type affects how the radiation is reflected
• Depending on the color type, power differences respect to the reference
module of 9-33% have been observed
• Other influencing factors are the dot density and the opacity of the
colour
• Opacity of the colour affects the amount of radiation that passes
through the colored layer and the visual perception of the colour

98. PVPS
98
Acknowledgements
1. Experimental campaign on colored
BIPV modules with mineral coating
The study has been developed in the
framework of the Project funded by
Commission for Technology and Innovation,
n°CTI 27973.1 INNO-IW
Module Manufacturer:
2. Experimental campaign on colored
BIPV modules with digital printing
The study has been developed in the
framework of the SmartFlex EU project under
Grant Agreement
No.ENER/FP7/322434/SMART-FLeX
Module Manufacturer:

99. iea-pvs.org
Erika Saretta, Task 15
erika.saretta@supsi.ch