Presentation of the paper "Blockchain Technology as a Support Infrastructure for e-Government" at the eGov/ePart Conference at ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 05.09.2017
Factors to Consider When Choosing Accounts Payable Services Providers.pptx
eGov2017 Blockchain Technology
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Blockchain Technology as a Support
Infrastructure in e-Government
Svein Ølnes, Vestlandsforsking
Arild Jansen, University of Oslo
eGov 2017, 05.09.2017, ITMO University, St. Petersburg
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Content
Motivation and research questions
Bitcoin and blockchain technology
Open and closed blockchains
Bitcoins' layered architecture
Bitcoin/blockchain as an infrastructure
Conclusions and further research
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Motivation
Bitcoin and blockchain technology is a hot topic!
Significant acceptance in the last years – can be a
platform for various application in different areas
Can provide secure identification and authentication
in various types of distributed computing
environment
Blockchain development resembles early Internet
development
We argue that the Bitcoin/blockchain technology,
can be used for many types of applications
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Research objectives
To understand the Bitcoin/blockchain technology
as
1. an emerging platform
2. potentially as a support infrastructure
for improving the digitalization in public sector
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Research method:
Our research approach is exploratory, analysing the
diffusion of blockchain technology in an information
infrastructure perspective.
Using the snow-ball method:
Our use of literature builds on important research papers about the
subject as a starting point and going through references of papers already
included
We have also searched the extensive e-Government
Research Library (EGRL) v. 12.0
Still very few publications on the combination of blockchain technology
and eGovernment
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Bitcoin and blockchain essentials
1. A peer-to-peer distributed network
All participants run the code and keep a copy of the
blockchain
2. Blockchain as a storage structure
This is the part that gets the most attention
3. The consensus protocol, including proof of
work
This is where the disruptive power is!
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Nakamoto Consensus
Protocol for maintaining the Bitcoin blockchain
rules for validating transactions
rules for verifying blocks
proof of work to avoid double-spending and third-party
reliance
Enables the participants to have a shared and
agreed-upon view of the current state of the
blockchain
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Open and closed blockchain networks
Open
(«permissionless)
Closed
(«permissioned»)
Who updates Everybody Appointed pers./org.
Who produces data All users Customers
Incentive to follow rules Direct economic (both
carrot & whip)
Reputation
Storage Distributed Centralized
Trust central actors No Yes
Transaction costs - +
Capacity/Thoughput - +
Immutabililty + -
Currency/token Yes No
Examples Bitcoin, Ethereum HyperLedger, Corda
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Information infrastructure Perspectives
Information Infrastructure (II) as “a shared, open and
unbounded, heterogeneous and evolving socio-
technical system consisting of a set of IT capabilities
and their user, operations, and design communities.”
Dispersed and distributed ownership [the lack of
centralized control] :
Different actors shape, maintain, and extend information
infrastructure in modular increments
Installed base – the “living” legacy of existing technical
solution along with organizational, economic and legal
elements
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Characteristics of different architectures
Property
Universal information infra-
structure, e. g. Internet
Bitcoin/blockchain
Shared
Universally and across multiple
IT capabilities
Potentially shared among those who
are involved in building and
maintaining this platform
Open
Yes, allowing unlimited
connections to communities
and new capabilities
Bitcoin is open to any user and offers
a platform for payment system and
secure document/asset handling
Installed
base
The current Internet applica-
tions are integrated with its
users, growing exponentially
The present installed base is limited,
which may stimulate innovations but
lack the networks effects
Evolving
Yes, unlimited by time or user
community. Both linear and
nonlinear growth
Although it is a new technology,
Bitcoin has demonstrated innovative
potential.
Control
Distributed and dynamically
negotiated
Distributed control based on open
source sw. Changes are dynamically
negotiated in user community
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Comparing Internet and open blockchains
as layered structures:
Internet Open Blockchain
technology
Applications Applications
HTTP/HTML/… Bitcoin/other currency
TCP/IP Consensus rules, peer-to-
peer, security
Physical and logical
link
Distributed blockchain
database
Support
infrastructures
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Possible use cases
Authentication of documents
badges, course certificates, CVs
other certificates and licenses
++
Proof of ownership
property
any physical or digital asset..
Security and privacy
secure, decentralized identity management
enhanced privacy (reveal only necessary information)
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Conclusions and further research
Bitcoin/blockchain can potentially evolve into a support
infrastructure, which however require:
An open technology which is flexible and enable to support
different types of innovations
To resemble a layered and modular architecture
To keep it simple and easy to use
To cultivate the installed base without creating path-
dependencies and lock-in mechanisms
To establish a governance structure that allow for diversity,
and «conflicting handling« in creative ways
Further research should aim at developing this technology
according to these principles !
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
Contact information:
svein.olnes@vestforsk.no
arildj@jus.uio.no