Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. There are four types that cause malaria in humans, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. The parasites infect and destroy red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, fatigue. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or PCR tests to detect the parasite. Treatment depends on the type and severity of malaria, and may include chloroquine, mefloquine or artemisinin-based combinations. Prevention involves protecting against mosquito bites and in some areas, taking antimalarial drugs.

2. Done by: Maryam AL-Qhatany.
2.3Case

3. Learning Objectives
1Definition of malaria.
2Types of parasite causes malaria .
3Life cycle of different malaria parasite+
Pathogenesis
4Symptoms and sign of malaria.
5Investigation of malaria .
6 Differential diagnosis
7 treatment and prevention of malaria .
diagnosis
Malaria

4. Introduction
Approximately 300 million
people worldwide are affected
by malaria and between 1 and
1.5 million people die from it
every year. Previously extremely
widespread, the malaria is now
mainly confined to Africa, Asia
and Latin America

5. Malaria
is an infectious disease caused by a
parasite, (called Plasmodium), which
is transmitted via the bites of
infected mosquitoes , that infect red
blood cells in the human body.

6. Causes
Malaria is caused by a type of
microscopic parasite that's
transmitted most commonly by
mosquito bites(female
Anopheles mosquito).

8. Plasmodium vivax (P.v.).
Plasmodium ovale (P.o).
Plasmodium malariae (P.m).
Plasmodium falciparum (P.f).

9. incubation period:
Symptoms:
This is the rarest of all the malaria types and is
mostly found in Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and the
tropical West African region
fatigue, diarrhoea, bouts of fever and chills

10. incubation period:
Symptoms:
This type of malaria is not as wide spread as the
other types and is known to have less than 1
percent infections in the Indian subcontinent.
high fever and chills.

11. incubation period:
Symptoms:
It has the widest distribution around the globe.
Approximately 60% of infections in India are caused by P.v.
Although it seldom causes death or other serious
problems, it can still cause major illness
fatigue, diarrhoea, bouts of fever and chills. Flu-
like symptoms.

12. incubation
period:
Symptoms:
(P.f).
The plasmodium parasite is recognised as the
most lethal parasite that causes most infections
and deaths related to malaria
fatigue, dizziness, abdominal pain, aching
muscles, enlarged spleen, sore back, joint pain,
vomiting, nausea, fever, headache.

13. Pathogenesis
+

16. Pathogenesis
numerous known
and unknown waste
substances, such as
red cell membrane
products, hemozoin
pigment, and other
toxic factors
activate macrophages and
endothelial cells to secrete
cytokines and inflammatory
mediators such as tumor necrosis
factor, interferon-γ and other
factor.
headache, fever, nausea and
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
tiredness, aching joints and
muscles, thrombocytopenia,
immunosuppression, and central
nervous system manifestations .

17. destruction of red blood
cell
hemolytic anemia
adhesion of red blood cell on wall of
blood vessel
Clot
(blood in stools)

18. FeverChills
Headache Sweats
Nausea
Fatigue vomiting
early stages

19. Other common symptoms:
Dry cough
Muscle and/or back pain.

20. Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Fever
Hemolytic Anaemia

22. Diagnosis

23. Dr. ask the patient number of
questions concerning:
•Current symptoms.
•Medical conditions.
•Family medical history.
•Current medications.
•Recent travel history.

24. Laboratory
diagnosis identification of
malaria parasite or
its antigens/products
in the blood of the
patient.

25. Microscopy
Malaria parasites are recognizable by
their physical features and by the
appearance of the red blood cells.
Most

26. Other tests:
Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR).
Serology
Immunologic tests

27. •The flu (influenza).
•Common cold .
•Meningitis.
•Typhoid fever.
•Dengue fever.
•Bacteremia/septicemia (infection in blood)
•Hepatitis.
•Viral gastroenteritis .
•Yellow fever (disease typically transmitted by
mosquitoes).

28. Treatment
And
prevention

29. treatment:
IF
Early cure
serious effects of
malaria can be
prevented
Delay severe
fatal
disease

30. The specific malaria treatment recommended will depend on:
•The type (species) of the infecting parasite.
•The severity of malaria symptoms .
•The patient's age .
•Any other illnesses or conditions.
•Pregnancy.
•Drug allergies.
•Other medications taken by the patient.

31. Medications
•Chloroquine
•Mefloquine .
•Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine .
• Quinine sulfate.
•Doxycycline.
• Hydroxychloroquine.

32. Splenomegaly
(Enlarged spleen).
Complications
Cerebralmalaria

33. Prevention :

34. Protecting
yourself
against
mosquito
bites

35. Taking antimalarial
medicines

36. young children
and pregnant
women avoid
traveling to
areas where
malaria is
common

37. Conclusion
you should see the doctor
if you experience a high
fever while living in or
after traveling to high-risk
malaria region.

40. References
*http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-symptoms
*http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221134-differential
*http://www.parn.org.pk/index_files/Laboratory%20Diagn
osis%20of%20Malaria.html
*http://malaria.emedtv.com/malaria/malaria-diagnosis.html
*http://www.onlymyhealth.com/what-types-malaria-
1302068689
*http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/malaria/pages/lifecycle.aspx
*http://www.vitalhealthzone.com/health/conditions/m/
malaria/06_complications_of_malaria.html#1
*Microorganism book