1. Introduction to
Nursing Research

2. Why get excited
about research?
“The essence of
all research
originates in
curiosity - a
desire to find
out how and
why things
happen”
How can…?
Why is…?
What is the best
way to…?
What
causes…?
What are the
effects of…?
I wonder...

3. Importance of
Nursing Research
Nurses ask questions aimed at
gaining new knowledge to
improve pt. care
Research-based (evidence
based) practice = integrating
research findings into clinical
decision making

4. Importance of
Nursing Research
Accountability for care-related
decisions; research expands
nursing practice
Reinforce identity of nursing
as a profession – knowing/
understanding pts. health
care experience

5. History of Nursing
Research
Began with Nightingale and
Crimean War- mid 1800s
Early 1900s – problems in nursing:
education, staffing issues
1960s Practice oriented research;
first nursing research journals
1983 - ANA Center for Research
for Nursing

6. History of Nursing
Research
1986 - National Center for
Nursing Research (NIH);
awards/grants to support
nursing research & training
1993 – Re-designated at NIH
as the National Institute of
Nursing Research (NINR)

7. Scientific Inquiry
Observable, verifiable data
collected to:
Describe
Explain
Predict
events

8. Scientific Method
Select/define
Formulate
a problem
research
question/hypothesis
Collect
data
Analyze
Report
data
results

9. Scientific Method
2 Unique Characteristics:
Objectivity
– distance
research from personal
beliefs, values, attitudes
Why???
Empirical
Data –
documenting objective
data through direct
observation = reality

10. Scientific Method
Test:
Ideas
Hunches
Guesses
Doesn’t that sound like
fun???

11. Nursing Research
Application of
scientific method to
areas of interest to
nursing
Primarily involves
studying people –
People do not
behave
consistently as do
objects/chemicals
in a laboratory!
This poses special challenges!

12. Continuum of
participation
Consumers of research –
read and evaluate
Participate in the research
process, utilize findings
Conduct research

13. Quantitative
Research
Formal, objective, systematic
process using
 measurement
 hypothesis testing
 data analysis
Traditional approaches such as
experiments, questionnaires,
surveys

14. Qualitative
Research
Evaluate subjective life experiences
and give meaning to them
Focuses on understanding
phenomena from an individual’s
perspective
Approaches: observation, in-depth
interviews, case studies, narrative
analyses

15. Triangulation
Using both quantitative and
qualitative methods to collect
data
May combine various research
designs/data collection
techniques in the same study –
combine psychosocial surveys,
interviews, observations
Two approaches are
complimentary and can give an
accurate reflection of reality.

16. The Research
Language - Some
Terminology
Variable
Data
Rigor
Control
Sampling
Setting

17. Concept of Variable
Measurable characteristic
that varies among subjects
Research is conducted
because this variance occurs!
Types:
Independent – presumed
cause
Dependent
effect
– presumed

18. Data
Pieces of information obtained in
a study
Are the actual “values” of the
study variables
Quantitative
Qualitative
- numeric values
- narrative
descriptions

19. Concept of RIGOR
Striving for excellence in
research. Involves:
Discipline
Adherence
to detail
Strict
accuracy!
Uses
precise measurement
tools

20. Concept of
CONTROL
Using “rules” to decrease error
and increase probability that
study findings are an accurate
reflection of reality
Ensure results that reflect true
relationship among variables
Reduction of the influence of
unwanted “extraneous” variables

21. Concept of
SAMPLING
Who/what do you want to
study?
Choosing subjects who are
“representative” of the study
population
Random & Non-Random
Sampling

22. Concept of SETTING
Location of the study - can affect
results
Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real
life situation
Partially Controlled: Manipulated or
modified in some way
Highly Controlled: Artificial
environment for sole purpose of
doing research. Decreases effects
of outside influences.

23. Some Myths About
Research
The purpose of research is to
“prove” or “confirm” a theory.
Research findings are presented as
complete and conclusive answers.
There is a hierarchy of research
methodology that places true
“experimental” research at the top.

24. Intro to the
Research Process
Involves decision making - what
methods will help to answer a
research question/test a
hypothesis?
Is flexible - multiple possibilities,
each with its own
strengths/weaknesses
Is a circular process

25. The Research
Process
What do I want to know?
Does anyone else know anything
about this?
I’ll make an educated guess about
what I think the answer to my
question will be.
Here’s what I’m going to do to try to
answer my question.

26. The Research
Process
I’ll try to make sense out of all
this info I’ve collected.
What did I find? Was my
hunch supported?
What do I want to know
now???

27. Major Phases in the
Research Process
1. Selecting and defining the
problem in need of
investigation
2. Selecting a research design
3. Collecting data
4. Analyzing data
5. Utilizing the Findings

28. Phase 1
Selecting and defining the problem
(area of research)
Identify a question or area where
knowledge can be advanced
Review related literature for
rationale to do study
Identify a theoretical framework for
interpreting results.
Propose research question and/or
hypothesis

29. Phase 2
Choose study or research design
ID Study Population (chap 8)
Design Sampling Plan (chap 11)
Define how will variables be
measured
Setting
How data will be collected - tools
Pilot Study - Revisions

30. Phase 3
Data Collection - according to preestablished plan (implements the plans
designed in Phase I & II) (chap 9)
recruiting
obtaining consent
training staff
collecting data
Organization of the data
How do you analyze the data?
(must be appropriate form)
May be the longest phase of the
research process

31. Phase 4
Data Analysis
Interpret findings
Draw
conclusions
Hypothesis
is supported or
rejected (chap 10)
How
New
best to utilize findings?
question formulated? (can
lead to new questions that can
stimulate further study)

32. Phase 5
Disseminate findings - Share
findings with colleagues
May
report findings in journal
articles, oral presentations,
poster presentations
Utilize findings - use in nursing
practice

33. Major steps in the
research process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.Formulating and delimiting
the problem
2.Reviewing the related
literature
3.Developing a theoretical
framework
4.Formulating the hypothesis
5.Selecting a research design
6.Identifying the population to
be studied
7.Specifying methods to
collect data

34. • 8.Designing the sampling plan
• 9.Finalizing and reviewing the
research plan
• 10.Conducting the pilot study
and making revisions.
• 11.Collecting the data
• 12.Preparing the data for
analysis
• 13.Analyzing the data
• 14.Interpreting the results

35. • 15.Communicating the findings
• 16.Utilizing the findings

36. Research
Characteristics
•
•
•
•
Appropriateness to the
research question
Lack of bias
Precision
Power

37. Research
Characteristics
Originates with a question or problem.
Requires clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan or procedure.
Often divides main problem into subproblems.
Guided by specific problem, question, or
hypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires collection and interpretation of data.
Cyclical (helical) in nature.

38. Classification of research is based
on the purpose of a study and the
amount of control

39. Types of Research:
Basic Vs. Applied
Basic or “Pure” Research:
Pursuit
truth
of knowledge or finding
Generates,
theory
Often
refines or tests
uses laboratory setting
Findings
may not be directly
useful in practice
May
be used later in
development of
treatment/drug/theory

40. Basic Vs. Applied
Applied or “Practical” Research
Knowledge
intended to directly
influence clinical practice
Conducted
conditions
in actual practice
Solve
problems, make decisions,
predict/control outcomes
Evaluate
interventions
Test/validate
Evaluate
theories
“Basic” research
knowledge for usefulness

41. The research findings contribute
to some modifications of present
practices.
Ie: patient care, education,
administration

42. Experimental vs.
nonexperimental
Experimental:
Researcher
manipulates or
controls variable(s)
and observes effect
in other variable(s)
Evaluates cause
and effect
relationship
Ex: Does a pre-op
intervention program
to ↑ self efficacy
affect self care
measures post-op?
Nonexperimental:
Describes or looks
at relationships(s) or
correlation between
variables.
Variables are not
manipulated by the
researcher
Ex: Correlation
between HRT use
and breast CA

43. Descriptive
Research
Uses questionnaires, surveys,
interviews or observations to
collect data

44. Correlation
Research
Relationships between and
among variables
Collection of data on at least 2
variables for the same group of
individuals
Calculator-the correlation
between the measurer
Highest number of research
studies in nursing are classified
as description correlation design

45. Time dimension:
Retrospective vs.
Prospective
Retrospective:
Examines data
already collected
in the past
Prospective:
examines data
being collected in
the present
Ex: Review of
medical records
to examine
previous history in
of cholesterol
levels in s/p MI
patients
Ex: Study
describing social
support and
coping
mechanisms of
women with
ovarian CA

46. Time Dimension:
Cross-Sectional vs.
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional:
Collects data at
one point in
time
What exists
today?
Longitudinal:
Studies
examines
variables of
interest over a
period of time
Advantages –
ability to
collect data on
the same
individual over
time

47. Many Approaches to
Research
Choice of
design –
the fun
part!