Jute Introction and extraction methods of jute.Here I have discussed about and its basic information.Hope it helps.

1. Economicbotany
Topic: Extraction of fibre from Jute
Submitted by: Swati singh
Submitted to: Dr.Saloni Malik Mam
Subject: Economic Botany

2. Roll no: 1934127
CONTENTS
1.History
2.About Jute
3.Scientific Classification of Jute
4.Plant Morphology
5.Agro climatic needs
6.Jute Cultivation
7.Extraction of fibres
8.Economic importance of Jute
9.Advantages of Jute
10. Disadvantage of Jute
11. Conclusion
12. References

3. History
Jute is one of the important cash crops of eastern India.
The centre of Origin of white Jute is said to be Indo-Burma
including South China and Tosa of Africa.

4. Jute Cultivation in India has started in early 800 BC
for manufacturing cordage paper and jute clothes.
In 1833 Jute fibre started to spun mechanically in
Dundee, Scotland.
The first Jute mill was established at Rishra near
Calcutta on the bank of river Hooghly in 1855
Jute Mill in India

5. Worker working in jute mill
About Jute
Jute is called as golden fibre because of its golden and
silky shine appearance.
Jute fibre is often called Hessian and fabrics are also
called as Hessian cloth
Jute sacks are called gunny bag in some European
countries.

6. The fabric made from Jute is popularly known as
burlap in North America.
It is produced from plants belonging to genus
Corchorus native to tropical and sub tropical region
throughout the world
It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and
ensures better breathability of fabrics. Therefore, jute
is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk
packaging.
Jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after
cotton in terms of usage, production, global
consumption and availability.
It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric,
net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural
fibers that have been used in raw materials for
packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction,and
agricultural sectors.
Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking
tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility
when blended as a ternary blend.

7. Scientific classification of Jute
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Grewioideae
Genus: Corchorus
There are two species cultivated in India
 Corchorus capsularis (white jute)
 Chorcorus olitorius (tossa jute)

8. White jute
Its botanical name is Chorcorus capsularis
It has bitter glycoside “corchorin”
It bears spherical seed capsules
White jute called “tita” or bitter pat.
Bengali used ropes and twines made of white jute
from ancient times for household and other usage.

9. Tossa jute
Its botanical name is Chorcorus olitorius
Tossa jute is also called Sweet pad is an afro
Caribbean variety and has cylindrical capsules
Tossa jute fibre is stronger, softer, silkier, stronger
than white jute
It is popular for its leaves which is used as
ingredient called “maleka” in certain Arab
countries

10. Kenaf known as Mesta or Ambari (species Hibiscus
Cannabinus) is also considered as a variety of Jute. It is
cultivated in Indian subcontinent,Thailand, China and
Africa

11. The cultivation of Jute in India is mainly confined to
the eastern region states - West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Tripura, Meghalaya, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Nearly
50 percent of total raw jute production in India alone
figures in West Bengal.

12. Top Ten Jute Producing States

13. Plant morphology
Plants are tall and usually annual herbs reaching a
height of 2 to 4 m only with few side branches.
Taproot is well branched.
It is dicotyledonousplant.

14. Its covers nearly 75% of the cultivated area.
It cannot withstand floods and grown only on
plains.
The fibre on inner bark is strong soft and allows
good length to be drawn out.

15. The jute fibre comes from stem and ribbon of the
jute plant.
The leaves are simple, alternate, lanceolate, 5 to 15
cm long and separated low bud margin.
The flower is yellow coloured and small with 5
sepals 5 petals and 30 to 60 stamens.
The flowers are solitary.
The food is an many seeded capsule
The capsules or seed pods in the case of Corchorus
capsularis are globular round and wrinkled while
in Chorchorus olitorus they are slender.

16. Slender seed pods in Chorchorus olitorus
Agro climatic condition
Jute is self pollinated and has 14 diploid
chromosomes.
It needs long day photo period for growth .
The suitable climate for growing jute is a warm
and wet climate which is offered by the monsoon
climate during the Temperature ranging from 24
degree Centigrade to 37 degree Centigrade.
Relative humidity of 70% to 80% is required.
2” to 3 “inch of rainfall weekly.
Sandy, clayey loams are perfectly beneficial for the
growth of this plant.
Constant water logging is harmful.

17. Gray alluvial soil of good depth, receiving salt
from annual floods is best for jute.
Jute cultivation
Land preparation-It is carried between January
to march of year.
Cow dung is used with NPK in appropriate
proportion depending upon the type of soil
1. Sowing
In March or April the jute sowing season begin and it
continued up to till June in some western belt of India
Phosphorus, potash, nitrogen fertilizers used to
enhance growth.

18. 2. Weeding and thinning
In this, weeds which grown around plants are wiped
out by tool “khoorpa”
Herbicide may also be applied for weed control.

19. 3. Harvesting
The skin or the bast can be taken out within 120 to
150 days after the flowers have been shed.
The crop is ready for harvesting when it is in small
pod stage .
If harvested before the fibre is week while if left
until the seed is ripe the fibre is stronger but is
coarser and lacks the characteristics lustre.
The plants are cut with stickles at or close the
ground level
In flooded land plants are uprooted.

20. The plants are left in small heap at different
places in the field for two to four days when most
of the leaves is get dried up .
Then they are tied into small bundles each with a
diameter of about 20 to 25 cm.
The colour of the fibre is darkened if the leaves are
allowed to remain during the process of retting
It’s also thought that the drying of the plants
before retting facilitates the separation of the
fibre
A small portion of the crop is left for maturing
into seeds.

21. EXTRACTION OF FIBRE
•Steeping
1
• Retting
2 •Stripping
3
•Washing
4
•Squeezing
and Drying
5
•Bailing and
grading
6
•Storage and
transportati
on
7

22. Steeping
To obtain fibre from stem entirely soft tissues
must be softened, dissolved and washed away
This is done by steeping the stem
Water should be 6200 cm in depth.
The bundles of the stock are laid in the pond
ditches or slow moving streams and left for 5 to
15 days
Jute bundles rot better when steeped out at a
depth of 15 to 23 cm below the surface in slow
flowing clean water.

23. Steeping of Jute
Retting
Retting is caused by microorganism which soften
the tissue and gums and break the hard pectin
bonds between the bast and jute and permits the
fibres to be separated from the woody stalk .
The retting process consisted of bundling stems
together and immersing them in low running
water for about 20 days.
From the ten day the cultivator starts inspecting
a few plants.
If the fibre smoothly slips out when pressure is
applied with the thumb retting is considered to be
complete.
The retting process is completed in 8 to 30 days

24. However the retting process may require less time
if the quality of the jute is better
In most cases the fibre extraction in water retting
is done by farmers while standing in water..
A plentiful supply of water is required .
The optimum temperature for retting is 26 degree
centigrade
Retting is better if the stem are uniform in
thickness.
The best place for retting is slow running streams which
should be free from pollution as far as possible
Retting of jute by microorganisms

25. Stripping
The fibre extraction done during august and
September
In stripping process non fibrous matter is scrapped
off
Then the workers dig in and grab the fibre from
within the jute stem.
10 to 12 reeds beaten at a time with a mallet to
loosen fibre.
This action freeze the fibre at the root of stock

26. Washing
Before hanging for drying the extracted fibres are
washed in clean water it is necessary to make the jute
fibres more bright and clean.
Squeezing and drying
After washing drying process is start.
The fibre is collected and laid down on
bamboo racks to dry for 2 to 3 days.

27. Generally the sun is used to dry the jute
fibre
After drying the fibre we get is called jute
fibre and is ready to be sold in the market

28. Bailing and grading
The fibres is sorted into bundles according to quality
and press it into bales.
There are stages of grading
I. Home trade
II. Export trade
Preliminary grading is done by kutcha Baylors who
grades raw jute and packs into kutcha bales weighing
about 250 pounds for use in the home trade.

29. Jute fibers after extraction are graded by Kutcha Balers
as:
-
Top Very strong fibers, good luster
and color.
Middle Strong fiber and average
color and luster
Bottom - Sound fiber, medium
strength.
B-Bottom - Sound fiber, medium
strength, not suitable for
higher grades.
C-Bottom Medium strength fiber, any
color.
X-Bottom - Weak jute. (Cross-Bottom)
A pucca baler grades the fibre for export cuts off the
hard jute and pressed the jute into pucca bales
weighing 400 pounds .

30. Raw jute is further is further classified for trading and
for manufacture into jute products on the basis of
length strength finest lustre and colour.
White jute is available in the following eight grades
W-1, W-2, W-3, W-4, W-5, W-6, W-7, W-8.
Tossa jute is available is in eight grades
TD-1, TD-2, TD-3, TD-4, TD-5, TD-6, TD-7, TD-8
And Mesta grades is available in 6 grades
M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6
Grading of jute

31. Storage and transport
The important step in the chain of movement of the
jute from the growers to the home mills or the
exporter is
 Collection
 Assembly
 Storage
 Transport
The fibre is transported by country boat, cart to the
largest secondary centres where jute buying and
selling goes on daily basis during season.

32. Country Boat

33. Economic importance of jute
Jute as food
It is used as food in many countries because jute leaves
rich in
 B-carotene
 Iron
 Calcium
 Vitamin C
It has antioxidant property with a significant a -
tacopherol

34. It is popular vegetable in west Africa, northern
provinces of the Philippines, Tunisia, Nigeria.
They boil the leaves and mix it with ground nut and
consume the mixture.
In India it is commonly known as Nalta Sag, is
favourite food during the summer especially in
Sambalpur and western parts of Orissa.
It is salty and eaten along with rice

35. Jute as fibre
The fibre are used as alone or blended with other
types of fibres to make twines and rope
Ropes and Twines made from Jute
Jute rope is popular in Japan for used in bondage

36. Jute butts, the coarse ends of the plants are used
to make in expensive cloth.
Jute Tshirt
Very fine thread of jute can be separated and
made into imitation silk.
Saree and kurtis made from Jute

37. The fibres are also woven into curtains chair
covering , carpets, area rugs , hessian cloth and
baking for linoleum
Hessian Cloth
Jute diversification
Jute has entered various diversified sectors because natural
fibres are gradually becoming better substitution among
these industries are paper Celluloid products ,non woven
textiles, composites, Espadrilles, floor covering ,home textile,

38. technical textiles, geotextiles ,composites ,new age fabrics,
footwear, moulded door panels and many.
Jute Bags and Footwear
Advantage of Jute
i. Cheap
ii. Environmental friendly
iii. 100 % Biodegradable and decompose easily.
iv. Great moisture retention capacities.
v. Abundant quantity in India.
vi. Jute bags are recycle and reusable

39. vii. Low chemical consumption during the
manufacturing process of Jute fabrics
viii. One hectare of Jute plants consume over 15
tonnes of carbon dioxide and release 11 tonnes of
Oxygen
ix. Jute is a rain fed crop which means it doesn’t
required much pesticide and harm fertilizers to
grow.
Disadvantage of Jute
i. Variable strength affected by weather
ii. Poor fire resistance
iii. Lower durability
iv. Not washable
v. Drape property is not good
vi. The crease resistance of jute is very low
vii. Create Shade effect and becomes yellowish if
sunlight is used

40. Conclusion
Jute is a long, Shiny plantbase fibre that can be spun into
coarse as well as strong threads.
It is mainlycultivated in the eastern part of India and
Bangladesh.
The future is bright for Golden fibers.
We should use Jute products as much possible because it is
environmentalfriendly.
Plant botanistare giving their best to solve the disadvantage
issue faced by Jute.
References
 https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/7722/advantages-of-jute-
as-natural-bast-fibre-for-different-technical-textiles
 https://asiajute.com/features-of-jute-fiber/
 https://www.sahapedia.org/processing-cycle-of-jute
 http://www.thebagspot.com/how-jute-fabrics-are-made/7-jute-fabric-
lamination2/
 https://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-
reports/Jute%20Industry%20in%20India.pdf
 http://biologydiscussion.com/

41.  Slideshare
 https://www.slideshare.net/greenyatra/alternatives-of-plastic-bags-by-
green-yatra
 https://www.slideshare.net/ManiShNegi45/jute-geotextile
 https://www.paramjute.com/about-jute
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