CN

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UNIT-2

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Theoretical Basis for Data Communication
Communication rates have fundamental limits
• Fourier analysis
• Bandwidth-limited signals
• Maximum data rate of a channel

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Sine wave

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Fourier Analysis

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Bandwidth
• At the signal level,
bandwidth is cutoff frequency (HZ)
• For data transmission it is bits/sec

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Bandwidth-Limited Signals

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Maximum Data Rate of a Channel - Nyquist

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Maximum Data Rate of a Channel - Shannon

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Example of Shannon’s limit

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Transmission media - Guided

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Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP) cable

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Unshielded Twisted Pair connector
Need of Sheilded Twisted Pair(STP) cable

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Link Terminology

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Wires – Coaxial Cable (“Co-ax”)

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Fiber Optic Cable

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Fiber Optic Conneector

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Wire vs. Fiber
Comparison of the properties of wires and fiber:

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Transmission Media - Unguided

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ground wave propagation

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Sky/ Ionospheric propagation

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Line-of-sight propagation

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Unguded transmissionmedium
(Wireless transmission)
(1) Radio waves : 3Khz- 1 Ghz
(2) Microwaves : 1 – 300GHz
(3) Infrared waves: 300 GHz- 400THz

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Radio Transmission

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Microwave Transmission

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Digital Modulation and Multiplexing

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Baseband Transmission

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Passband Transmission

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

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Frequency Division Multiplexing(cont..)

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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Code Division Multiplexing

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Code Division Multiplexing(Cont..)

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Code Division Multiplexing(Cont..)

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Code Division Multiplexing(Cont..)