3. Incidence
• Approximately 700,000 hernia repairs are performed
as an outpatient procedure each year
• Approximately 75% of all hernias occur in the
inguinal region
• Approximately 50% of hernias are indirect inguinal
hernias
• A vast majority occur in males
• Hernias more commonly occur on the right side
7. Anatomic
Considerations
• The inguinal region must be understood with
regard to its three-dimensional configuration
• A knowledge of the convergence of tissue
planes is essential
• If repairing the hernia laparoscopically, the
anatomy must be well understood from the
peritoneal surface outward
• There is a considerable amount of anatomic
variability with regard to:
o Size and location of the hernia
o Degree of adipose tissue
8. Pelvic & Inguinal Anatomy
• Both the ilioinguinal nerve and the
genitofemoral nerve traverse the usual
hernia-repair operative field. The femoral
vein also runs just deep to the inguinal floor
laterally.
9.
10. Myopectineal Orifice of Fruchaud
The MPO is bordered:
• Above by the arching fibers of the internal
oblique and transversus abdominus Muscles,
• Medially by the Rectus Abdominus Muscle
and its fascial Rectus Sheath
• Inferiorly by Coopers Ligament, and
• Laterally by the Ileopsoas Muscle
• Running diagonally thru the MPO is the
inguinal ligament
13. Diagnosis
• The patient usually presents (for groin hernia)
with the complaint of a bulge in the inguinal
region
• They may describe minor pain or vague
discomfort associated with the bulge
• Extreme pain usually represents
incarceration with intestinal vascular
compromise
• Paresthesias may be present if inguinal
nerves are compressed
14. Diagnosis
• Physical exam
o The patient should be standing and facing the
examiner
o Visual inspection may reveal a loss of symmetry in
the inguinal area or bulge
o Having the patient perform valsalva’s maneuver
or cough may accentuate the bulge
o A fingertip is then placed in the inguinal canal;
Valsalva maneuver is repeated
o Differentiation between indirect and direct
hernias at the time of examination is not essential
15. Nyhus Classification
• Type I: Indirect inguinal hernia Internal inguinal
ring normal (simple pediatric hernia)
• Type II: Indirect inguinal hernia
Internal inguinal ring dilated but posterior inguinal
wall intact (inferior deep epigastric vessels not
displaced)
16. Nyhus Classification
• Type III: Posterior wall defect
o A. Direct inguinal hernia
o B. Indirect inguinal hernia- internal inguinal ring
dilated (massive scrotal or sliding hernia)
o C. Femoral hernia
• Type IV: Recurrent hernia
o
o
o
o
A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Femoral
D. Combined
17. Inguinal Hernia
• Indirect inguinal hernia
o Is a congenital lesion
o Occurs when bowel, omentum or other
abdominal organs protrudes through the
abdominal ring within a patent processus
vaginalis
o If the processus vaginalis does not remain patent
an indirect hernia cannot develop
o Most common type of hernia
18. Indirect Hernia Route
Note:
The hernia sac
passes outside
the boundaries
of Hesselbach's
triangle and
follows the
course of the
spermatic cord.
19. Inguinal Hernia
• Direct inguinal hernia
o Proceeds directly through the posterior inguinal
wall
o Direct hernias protrude medial to the inferior
epigastric vessels and are not associated with
the processus vaginalis
o They are generally believed to be acquired
lesions
o Usually occur in older males as a result of pressure
and tension on the muscles and fascia
20. Direct Hernia Route
Note:
The hernia sac
passes directly
through
Hesselbach's
triangle and
may disrupt the
floor of the
inguinal canal.
22. Bassini Repair
o Is frequently used for
indirect inguinal
hernias and small
direct hernias
o The conjoined
tendon of the
transversus
abdominis and the
internal oblique
muscles is sutured to
the inguinal
ligament
23. McVay Repair
• AKA: Cooper’s ligament Repair
o Is for the repair of large inguinal hernias, direct
inguinal hernias, recurrent hernias and femoral
hernias
o The conjoined tendon is sutured to Cooper’s
ligament from the pubic tubercle laterally to
femoral vein, and to inguinal ligament laterally
from here
25. Halstead’s Repair
• In this repair, (which otherwise resembles Bassini)
external oblique aponeurosis is used to strengthen
the posterior wall.
• This exteriorizes the spermatic cord, placing it
beneath the layers of abdominal wall facia
26. Halstead’s Repair
• Technique not
appreciated
because of high
incidence of
hydrocoels, and
testicular atrophy as
well as recurrence
post-operatively.
27. Shouldice Repair
• AKA: Canadian Repair
o A primary repair of the hernia defect
with 4 overlapping layers of tissue.
o Two continuous back-and-forth
sutures of permanent suture material
are employed. The closure can be
under tension, leading to swelling
and patient discomfort.
29. Shouldice Repair
• At the shouldice hospital, steel wires are used for
the closure of all layers upto subcutaneous fat, and
recurrence rates of less than one percent are
reported
• Other centers which practiced this technique do
not report similar success rates
30. Lichtenstein Repair
AKA: Tension-Free Repair
• One of the most
commonly performed
procedures
• A mesh patch is sutured
over the defect with a slit
to allow passage of the
spermatic cord
32. Other repairs using Mesh
• Patch & plug technique involvs placementof a
preformed mesh plug in the hernia defect that is
sutured to the facial margins of defect.
• Stoppa ‘s Repair uses posterior approach for
implanting a mesh in the preperitoneal plane
without closing peritoneal defect per se
• Kugel’s repair is a preperitoneal repair in which a
preformed mesh with a stiff ring around the edges is
placed in the preperitoneal space.
33. Laparoscopic Hernia Repair
o Early attempts resulted in exceptionally high
reoccurrence rates
o Current techniques include
• Transabdominal preperitoneal repair (TAPP)
• Totally extraperitoneal approach (TEPA)
34.
35. Laparoscopic Mesh Repair
Note:
Viewed from inside the pelvis toward the direct and
indirect sites. A broad portion of mesh is stapled to
span both hernia defects. Staples are not used in
proximity to neurovascular structures.