2. CONSONANT CLUSTERS
Consonant clusters are groups of two or more
consonants. A consonant cluster can appear
at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end
of a word.
3. INITIAL CLUSTERS
Initial two-consonant clusters are of two sorts in English
1. One sort is composed of /s/ followed by one of a small set
of consonants; examples of such clusters are found in
words such as 'sting' /stɪŋ/, 'sway‘ /sweɪ/ , 'smoke‘
/sməʊk/.
The /s/ in these clusters is called the pre-initial
consonant and the other consonant (/t/, /w/, m/ in the
above examples) the initial consonant.
4. 2. The other sort begins with one of a set of about fifteen
consonants, followed by one of the set /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/ as
in, for example, 'play’ /pleɪ/, 'try’ /trʌɪ/, 'quick’ /kwɪk/,
'few’ /fjuː/.
We call the first consonant of these clusters the initial
consonant and the second the post-initial.
8. MEDIAL CLUSTERS
The cluster of consonants in the middle position of the
word is called word middle consonant cluster.
Types of word medial consonant clusters.
a) Intra-syllabic consonant cluster: The sequence of
consonants in the word medial position which belong to the same
syllable is called intra-syllabic cluster. As for example;
-camping ; /ˈkampɪŋ/ -extra; /ˈɛkstrə/, etc.
-reply ; /rɪˈplʌɪ/ -windy ; /ˈwɪndi/
9. b) Inter-syllabic cluster: If the consonant
belonging to different syllables occurs
together, the cluster formed is called inter-
syllabic cluster. As for example;
-movement ; /ˈmuːvm(ə)nt/
-description ; /dɪˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/
-import ; /ˈɪmpɔːt/
-blackboard; /ˈblakbɔːd/
10. FINAL CLUSTERS
Any consonant may be a final consonant except h, w, j.
There are two sorts of two-consonant final cluster
1. One being a final consonant preceded by a pre-final consonant
and the other a final consonant followed by a post-final consonant.
The pre-final consonants form a small set: m, n, ŋ, l, s.
The post-final consonants also form a small set: s, z, t, d, θ;
example words are: 'bets' betz, 'beds’ bedz.
11. There are two types of final three-consonant
cluster; the first is pre-final plus final plus post-
final, as set out in the following table:
Pre-final Final Post-final
/hɛlpt/ hɛ l p t
/baŋks/ ba ŋ k s
/bɒndz/ bɒ n d z
/twɛlfθ/ twɛ l f θ
12. The second type shows how more than one post-final
consonant can occur in a final cluster: final plus post-
final l plus post-final. Post-final is again one of s, z, t, d,
θ.
Pre-final Final Post-final 1 Post-final 2
/fɪfθs/ fɪ - f θ s
/nɛkst/ nɛ - k s t
/lapst/ la - p s t
13. Most four-consonant clusters can be analysed
as consisting of a final consonant preceded by a
pre-final and followed by post-final and post-final,
as shown below:
Pre-final Final Post-final 1 Post-final 2
/twɛlfθs/ twɛ l f θ s
/prɒm(p)t/ prɒ m p t s
14. A small number of cases seem to require a different
analysis, as consisting of a final consonant with no
pre-final but three post-final consonants:
Pre-
final
Final Post-
final 1
Post-
final 2
Post-
final 3
/sɪksθs/ sɪ - k s θ s
/tɛksts/ tɛ - k s t s
15. THE PRODUCTION OF CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
Some more examples of consonant clusters:
a) Nasal + stop – /kamp/, /stamp/, etc.
b) Nasal + fricative – /wɔːmθ/, /təːms/, etc.
c) Stop + stop – /kɛpt/, /trakt/, etc.
d) Stop + nasal – /ˈrɪtn/, /ˈbɪtn/, etc.
e) Stop + lateral – /ˈmɪdl/, /ˈhʌdl/, etc.
f) Nasal + affricate – /bɛn(t)ʃ/, /lʌn(t)ʃ/, etc.
g) Fricative + stop – /bɛst/, /drɑːft/, etc.
16. ANOTHER EXAMPLES OF CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
TWO &
THREE
CLUSTERS
The Distribution
Initial Medial Final
Bl Blame /bleɪm/ Ablutions /əˈbluːʃnz/ Capable/ˈkeɪpəbl/
Gr Green /ɡriːn/ Progress /ˈprəʊɡres/ -
Kj Curious /ˈkjʊəriəs/ Execution /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn/ -
Kl Clown /klaʊn/ Eclipse /ɪˈklɪps/ Chemical /ˈkemɪkl/
Pr Pride /praɪd/ Approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ -
Tr Trip /trɪp/ Introvert /ˈɪntrəvɜːt/ -
St Stop /stɒp/ Instant /ˈɪnstənt/ Pianist /ˈpɪənɪst/
Str Stray /streɪ/ Extra /ˈekstrə/ -