1. Libro de Gramática Español
Bianca Dominick

2. Indice
Tema Página
1. El Presente 3
• Stem-Changing Verbs 4
• Irregular Yo Forms 5
• Irregular Verbs 6
2. Ser y Estar 7
3. Verbos Como Gustar 8
4. Nouns, Articles, Adjectives 9
5. Preterito vs Imperfecto 10-11
6. El Subjunctivo 12
• In Noun Clauses 13-14
• In Adjective Clauses 15
7. Mandatos 16
8. Object Pronouns 17
9. Possessive Adjectives 18
10. Possessive Pronouns 19
11. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns 20
12. Reflexive Verbs 21
13. Por y Para 22-23
14. To Become 24

3. El Presente
• Regular –ar, -er, -ir verbs
Bailar Comer Batir
Bailo Bailamos Como Comemos Bato Batimos
Bailas Bailáis Comes Coméis Bates Batís
Baila Bailan Come Comen Bate Baten
• Used to express actions or situations that are
going on at the present time and to express
general truths
• Used to express habitual actions or actions that
will take place in the near future (acabar)

4. El presente:
Stem-Changing Verbs
No Stem change in the nosotros or vosotros form.
Hervir (e-ie) Dormir (o-ue) Servir (e-i) Jugar (e-ue)
Hiervo Hervimos Duermo Dormimos Sirvo Servimos Juego Jugamos
Hierves Hervís Duermes Dormís Sirves Servís Juegas Jugáis
Hierve Hierven Duerme Duermen Sirve sirven Juega Juegan
Construir, destruir, incluir, and influir add a y before
the personal endings (but not in the nosotros or
vosotros forms)
Incluir
Incluyo Incluimos
Incluyes Incluís
Incluye incluyen

5. El Presente:
Hacer Hago
Irregular Yo Forms
Poner Pongo Caber Quepo
Conocer Conozco
Tener Tengo Saber Sé
Valer Valgo
Ver Veo Conducir Conduzco
Decir Digo
Dar Doy Escoger Escojo
Salir Salgo
Venir Vengo
Estar Estoy
Dirigir Dirijo
Oír Oigo Ir Voy
Seguir Sigo
Caer Caigo Ser Soy
Traer Traigo

6. El Presente:
Irregular Verbs
Dar • doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
Decir (e-ie) • Digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
Estar • Estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
Ir • Voy, vas, va, vamos, váis, van
Oír • Oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
Ser • Soy, eres, es, somos, sóis, son
Tener (e-ie) • Tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
Venir (e-ie) • Vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen

7. Ser y Estar
“To Be”
• Location or spatial
• Nationality and place of
relationships
origin
• Health
• Profession or
occupation • Physical states and
conditions
• Characteristics of
people, animals, and • Emotional states
things • Certain weather
Ser: • Generalizations
• Possession Estar: expressions
• Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
Permanence • Material of composition Temporality • Results of actions (past
• Time, date or season
participles)
• Where or when an
• *use estar with
event takes place
“muerto/a”*
Many times, either can be used, but he meaning of each statement is different.
Some adjectives have different meanings depending on which verb you use.

8. Verbos Como Gustar
Gustar: to please
Aburrir: to bore
The thing or person that
pleases is the Caer bien/mal: to (not) get along with
subject, so gustar
agrees in person and Disgustar: to upset
number with it.
Doler: to hurt, to ache
When followed by 1 or Encantar: to like very much
more infinitives, the
singular form is always Faltar: to lack, to need
used.
Fascinar: to fascinate
Gustar is often used in Hacer falta: to miss, to need
the conditional (me
gustaría) to soften a Importar: to be important to, to matter
request.
Interesar: to be interesting to, to interest
A personal: a + Molestar: to bother, to annoy
[noun/prepositional
pronoun] can be used to Preocupar: to worry
emphasize who is
pleased, bothered, etc. Quedar: to be left over, to fit (clothing)
Sporender: to surprise
Apetecer: to crave, to long for

9. Nouns, Articles, Adjectives
Nouns have gender and Articles must agree in gender
Masculine or feminine? Singular or plural?
number and number
Plural/feminine: las, unas Plural/masculine: los, unos Singular/feminine: la, una Singular/masculine: el, un
Some adjectives end in an e
Adjectives must agree in (triste, alegre, etc.)  stays
Masuline: end in o Feminine: end in a
gender and number an e regardless of the gender
of the noun
Some nouns are not clear
about their gender because
Now have fun describing they do not end in o or a
Plural: end with an s Singular: no s
stuff! ^_^ (amistad, español, etc.) 
look up their gender before
describing them

10. Preterito vs Imperfecto
-ar -ar
-é -amos -aba -ábamos
-aste -asteis -abas -abais
-ó -aron -aba -aban
El Pasado
Preterito Imperfecto
-er/-ir
-er/-ir
-í -imos
-ía -íamos
-iste -isteis
-ías -íais
-ió -ieron
-ía -ían

11. Preterito vs Imperfecto
Preterito Imperfecto
• Ayer • A menudo
• Anteayer • A veces
• Anoche • Cada día
• Desde el primer momento • Cada semana
• Durante dos siglos • Cada mes
• El otro día • Cada año
• En ese momento • Con frecuencia
• Entonces • De vez en cuando
• Esta mañana • En aquella época
• Esta tarde • Frecuentemente
• La semana pasada • Generalmente
• El mes pasado • Muchas veces
• El año pasado • Mucho
• Hace dos días • Nunca
• Hace tres años • Por un rato
• Ayer por la mañana • Siempre
• Ayer por la tarde • Tantas veces
• Todas las semanas
• Todos los días
• Todo el tiempo
• Varias veces

12. El Subjunctivo
• Wishing/wanting
W Attitudes, Uncertain, H
ypothetical
Subjunctive Mood
• Emotions
E
Main Clause +
Structure Connector +
Subordinate Clause
• Doubt
D
• Disbelief
D e, es, e, emos, en -ar conjugation
• Impersonal Expressions
I
-er conjugation a, as, a, amos, an
• Negation
N
• God/grief
G
Dar (Dé), Estar
(Esté), Ir (Vaya), Saber
Irregulars
(Sepa), Haber
(Haya), Ser (Sea)

13. El Subjunctivo:
Importar : be
Aconsejar: to
important, to
matter In noun clauses
Inistir (en): No es
Dudar: to
doubt
advise to insist (on) Negar (e-ie):
verdad: it’s
to deny
not true
Expressions
Verbs of of
Sugerir (e-
ie): to
suggest
will and Mandar: to
order
No es
doubt, disb Es
Influence seguro: it’s
not certain
elief, and imposible:
it’s
impossible
Rogar (o-ue):
to beg, to
Prohibir: to
denial
prohibit
plead No es cierto: Es
Recomendar Alegrarse
(e-ie): to it’s not improbable:
(de): to be true, it’s not it’s
recommend
happy certain improbable
Ojála (que):
Esperar: to
I hope
hope, to
(that), I
wish
wish (that)
Expressions
Sentir (e-
Es triste: it’s of Emotion ie): to be
sad sorry, to
regret
Temer: to
Soprender:
be afraid, to
to surprise
fear

14. El Subjunctivo:
In noun clauses
Impersonal Expressions
Es bueno que…
Es mejor que…
Es malo que…
Es importante que…
Es necesario que…
Es urgente que…

15. El Subjunctivo:
In adjective clauses
Antecedent of the
subordinate clause is
unknown
•subjunctive
Question with adjective Antecedent is a negative
clause – speaker is trying pronoun
to find out something (nadie, ninguno/a)
he/she is uncertain of •subjunctive
•subjunctive
Direct object is “nadie” Direct object represents
or “alguien” a hypothetical person
•use personal “a” (even if •do not use personal “a”
existence is uncertain)

16. Mandatos
Tú: drop the s Usted/Ustedes: put in
Irregulares: yo form and change Nosotros:
Affirmativos
ten, ven, ve, di, sal, sé to opposite vowel same as
, haz Irregulares: TVDISHES Usted and
DOP + IOP + se can attach to
an affirmative
Ustedes
--------------------------------------
DOP + IOP + se must go
Irregulars:
before the negative
Tú: put in yo TVDISHES
Negativos
form, change to and
Usted/Ustedes: same
opposite vowel, ad monos
as above
an s verbs
Irregulares: TVDISHES
Irregulares: TVDISHES

17. Object Pronouns
•To whom? •Receive the action of the verb
•For Whom? •What?
•Me, te, le, nos, os, les •Me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
•Come before the conjugated verb •Come before the conjugated verb
•Can be attached to an infinitive, a gerund •Can be attached to an infinitive, a gerund
(ando/iendo), or an affirmative command (ando/iendo), or an affirmative command
(probably have to add an accent) (probably have to add an accent
•“lo” is used for an abstract idea or
something with no gender
Indirect
Direct Object
Object
Pronouns
Pronouns
Double
Prepositional
Object
Pronouns
Pronouns
•A + [prepositional pronoun] is used for •Indirect object pronoun comes before the
clarity or emphasis Direct object pronoun when they are used
•Mí: me, myself Ti: you, yourself Usted: together
you, yourself Él: him, it Ella: her, it Sí: •Le and les change to se when they are
himself, herself, itself Nosotros/as: used with lo, la, los, or las
us, ourselves Vosotros/as: you, yourselves •Le lo  se lo
Ustedes: you, yourselves Ellos: them Ellas: •Les la  se la
them Sí: themselves
•Les los  se los
•[mí, tí, sí ]+ con 
•Le las  se las
[conmigo, contigo, consigo]
•Entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, seg
ún are used with tú and yo

18. Possessive Adjectives
Belongs to
Belongs nosotros
Singular Masculine nuestro
Singular mi
to yo
Belongs
Belongs to Singular Feminine nuestra
Plural mis nosotros
to yo
Belongs to
Plural Masculine nuestros
nosotros
Belongs Belongs
Singular tu to Plural Feminine nuestras
to tú
nosotros
Belongs
Plural tus
to tú
Belongs to
Singular Masculine vuestro
vosotros
Belongs
to Singular Feminine vuestra
Belongs to vosotros
él, ellos, ell
Singular su
a(s), usted(
es) Belongs to
Plural Masculine vuestros
vosotros
Belongs to él,
ellos, ella(s), Plural sus
usted(es)
Belongs
to Plural Feminine vuestras
vosotros

19. Possessive Pronouns
Yours Yours
Mine (Yo) Yours (Tú) (Usted), His Ours (Nosotros) Yours (Vosotros) (Ustedes), Theirs
(Él), Hers (Ella) (Ellos, Ellas)
Los Los El Los El Los
El mío Los míos El tuyo El suyo El suyo El suyos
tuyos suyos nuestro nuestros vuestro vuestros
Las Las La Las La Las Las
La mía Las mías La tuya La suya La suya
tuyas suyas nuestra nuestras vuestra vuestras suyas
Agree in number and Subject  keep After the verb ser (like a
gender with the thing the article Predicate Nominative)  get
they are referring to adjective rid of the article adjective

20. Demonstrative Adjectives and
Pronouns
way over
Near, This Far, That there, that
over there
Ese Este Aquel
Esa Esta Aquella
Esos Estos Aquellos
Esas Estas Aquellas
To make it a pronoun, put an accent on the first e
Esto is neutral

21. Reflexive Verbs
Acostarse (to go to bed) Aburrir (to bore)  aburrirse (to Acercarse [a] (to approach)
Subject of the Afeitarse (to shave) be bored) Arrepentirse [de] (to repent [of])
verb both Bañarse (to take a bath) Acordar (to agree)  acordarse Atreverse [a] (to dare [to])
[de] (to remember)
performs and Cepillarse (to brush *one’s Convertirse [en] (to become)
hair/teeth]) Comer (to eat)  comerse (to eat
receives the up) Darse cuenta [de] (to realize)
action Despertarse (to wake up)
are used with a reflexive pronoun
Daily Routines and Personal Care
Verbs that change meaning when they
Always Reflexive
Dormir (to sleep)  dormirse (to Enterarse [de] (to find out
Dormirse (to go to sleep) fall asleep) [about])
Ducharse (to take a shower) Ir (to go)  irse [de] (to go away Fijarse [en] (to take notice [of])
Lavarse (to wash [oneself]) [from]) Morirse [de] (to die [of])
Maquillarse (to put on makeup) Llevar (to carry)  llevarse (to Olvidarse [de] (to forget [about])
carry away)
Peinarse (to comb *one’s hair+) Preocuparse [por] (to worry
Mudar (to change)  mudarse [about])
Ponerse (to put on [clothing])
Reflexive Pronouns (to move [change residence])
Quejarse [de] (to complain
Secarse (to dry off) Parecer (to seem)  parecerse [about])
Quitarse (to take off [clothing]) [a] (to resemble, to look like)
Soprenderse [de] (to be surprised
me nos Vestirse (to get dressed) Poner (to put)  ponerse (to put [about])
on [clothing])
Quitar (to take away)  quitarse
(to take off [clothing])
te os
se se Reflexive
Plural  pronoun
reciprocal comes before
actions done the direct
to one object
another pronoun

22. Por y Para
Motion or general location
(along, through, around, by)
Por
Duration of an action
(for, during, in)
Reason or motive for an Destination (toward, in the
action (because of, on direction of)
Para
account of, on behalf of) Deadline/specific time in
Object of a search (for, in the future (by, for)
search of) Purpose or goal + [infinitive]
Means by which (by, by way (in order to)
of, by means of) [por Purpose + [noun] (for, used
teléfono, por tren] for)
Exchange or substitution Recipient (for)
(for, in exchange for)
Comparison with others or
Unit of measure (per, by) opinion (for, considering)
Passive voice (by) Employment (for)

23. Por y Para
Por allí/aquí (around
Por
there/here)
Por casualidad (by
chance/accident)
No estar para bromas
Por ejemplo (For
Para
(to be in no mood for
example) jokes)
Por eso (therefore, for No ser para tanto (to
that reason) not be so important)
Por fin (finally) Para colmo (to top I all
Por lo general (in off)
general) Para que sepas (just so
Por lo menos (at least) you know)
Por lo tanto (therefore) Para siempre (forever)
Por lo visto
(apparently)
Por más/mucho que
(no matter how much)
Por otro lado/otra
parte (on the other
hand)
Por primera vez (for
the first time)
Por si acaso (just in
case)
Por supesto (of course)

24. To Become
Hacerse Ponerse Volverse Llegar a ser
• Followed by a noun • Followed by an • Followed by an • Followed by a noun
or adjective adjective adjective or adjective
• Indicate a change • Indicates an • Indicates a sudden, • Indicate a change
brought about by involuntary physical profound change brought about by
effort or emotional change • (went crazy, became effort
• (became a doctor, be • (turned red from imposible) • (became a doctor, be
came a lawyer, got embarrassment, got came a lawyer, got
rich, became popular) sick) rich, became popular)