military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.

1. CRISIS &
NATIONAL
BREAKDOWN: 1972 TO
PRESENT

2. MARTIAL LAW

3. A. BASES FORTHE DECLARATION OF
MARTIAL LAW
1. Marcos declared martial law citing the imminent danger of internal
subversion of the state by communist forces.
There was a threat of growing power of the Communist Party led by
Jose Ma. Sison and its military arm, the new People’s Army(NPA)
September 1971 the Philippine Senate report., stated that there existed
“no” clear and present danger of a Communist inspired insurrection or
rebellion.
In July and august 1972, mysterious bombing occurred.
The secretary of defense, Juan Ponce Enrile, was ambushed according
to the US-Marcos controlled press. In 1986, Enrile revealed that the
ambush was fake and stage-manage by the government.

4. A. BASES FORTHE DECLARATION OF
MARTIAL LAW
 Late 1960’s and the early 1970s saw the rise of student
power.
Parliament of the streets against the government
Massive demonstration of students and a sector of the
labor class rocked the country
And violently dispersed by government troops
The number of the radical left hand had increased
Lawlessness and criminality

5. B. “CONSTITUTIONAL
AUTHORITARIANISM
1. Definition
Respect the limits fixed by the constitution
The function is to protect or restore traditional,
legal, order in crisis situations or in domestic or
foreign emergencies
For Marcos defined constitutional
authoritarianism as the government will
discipline and punish its own, along the criminal
elements.

6. B. “CONSTITUTIONAL
AUTHORITARIANISM
■ 2. Features
Marcos proclaimed the entire Philippines land area
He closed down media banned strikes, outlawed “rumor
mongering” and centralized the police force.( Francisco and
Arriola
On January 17, 1973, Marcos’ Proclamation No. 1102 declared the
ratification by the Filipino people of the 1973 Constitution
Martial law suppressed the opposition, curbed the power of the
oligarchs ( but only who opposed him) and eliminated elite
conflicts

7. C. RESISTANCE TO
MARTIAL LAW
■ Brutality and excesses of the Marcos dictatorship had
become intolerable by the end of the 1970s.
■ Professionals, businessmen and religious groups
joined hands with the left to fight against the regime.
■ Many others joined the “parliament of the streets”,
and other protest actions.
■ LABAN (Lakas ng Bayan)

8. D. FOREIGN POLICY
■ In the light of U.S. defeat in Vietnam, Marcos adopted a
shift in foreign policy.
■ The Philippines established diplomatic relations with the
socialist countries.
■ It ratified the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation
with Japan,
■ Supported the Arab countries in their search for a “just
and enduring peace” in the Middle East.
■ Sought to establish closer relations with other Third World.
■ Philippines also negotiated with the U.S the bases issue.

9. E. “LIFTING” OF MARTIAL
LAW■ Due to pressures from the U.S and to pacify his critics,
Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981
■ The worsening conditions of the country also
propelled Marcos to lift martial law.
■ In April 1981, a plebiscite approved a proposal of
Marcos for a six-year term.
■ Presidential election came in May. Marcos, not
surprisingly, won against a weak opponent.

10. FACTORS/DEVELOPMENTS
LEADING TO THE
BLOODLESS REVOLUTION

11. ■ Significant growth of the Gross National Product
(GNP) annually by 6.3%
■ Four-fold increase in oil prices led to reduction in the
workforce
■ Crime rates and unemployment rose to alarming
levels.
■ THERE WAS MASS POVERTY.
A. ECONOMIC CRISIS
(results of economic crisis)

12. B. ASSASSINATION OF BENIGNO
“NINOY” AQUINO
■ Outspoken critic of Marcos that shocked and angered the
Filipinos.
■ Frequent and massive protests, rallies, marches, and
demonstrations in the urban and countryside area.
■ All social strata of different political persuasions marched
together attired or ribboned with YELLOW (official color of the
Aquinos)
■ Caused capital flight, frightened the IMF, World Bank and
creditor bank
■ THE PROTEST LED TO THE BIRTH OF THE PEOPLE POWER.

13. C. POPULAR GRIEVANCES AND
DISCONTENT AGAINST THE MARCOS
REGIME
■ ECONOMIC CRISES Widespread
joblessness
Huge rallies
and protests
■ MARCOS FAILED TO ATTAIN ITS OBJECTIVES:
Crony
capitalism
Graft and
Corruption
Land Reforms

14. ■ HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS WERE RAMPANT.
C. POPULAR GRIEVANCES AND
DISCONTENT AGAINST THE MARCOS
REGIME
arrests detentions tortures
Extra judicial
executions
■ NOTORIOUS ABUSES OF THE MILITARY
■ MASS POVERTY AND 20 YEARS OF POWERLESSNESS

15. D. SNAP ELECTION
■ Marcos was declared as winner.
■ Aquino called for a boycott of companies owned by Marcos.
■ Defense Minister Juan Ponce-Enrile and General Fidel V. Ramos
declared that they would no longer to support the Marcos, and
decided to make a stand at Camp Aguinaldo.
■ Jaime Cardinal Sin called on the religious and lay people to go to
Camp Aguinaldo to support the Two Rebels.
■ On February 25th, Marcos took his oath of office and that evening
the Marcos fled.
■ By the virtue of People Power, Aquino-Laurel assumed power as
President and Vice President.

16. D. SNAP ELECTION
Snap elections Special elections
• Marcos called for this and under heavy attacks from his
critics.
• Marcos charged Corazon Aquino as “walang alam”.

17. PROGRAMS
AND
POLICIES

18. A. Corazon C. Aquino

19. A. Corazon C. Aquino

20. B. Fidel V. Ramos

21. ■ Ramos was able to secure major peace agreements with Muslim separatists, communist
insurgents and military rebels, which renewed investor confidence in the Philippine economy.
Ramos also aggressively pushed for the deregulation of the nation's major industries and the
privatization of bad government assets.
■ Under Ramos, the Philippines experienced a period of political stability and rapid economic
growth and expansion, as a result of his policies and programs designed to foster national
reconciliation and unity.
■ In 1993, He quickly led the nation out of darkness putting an end to the power crisis that crippled
Filipino homes and industries for two years.
■ He made programs to fight poverty in accordance with the will of the Filipino people expressed
by 229 structural/reform laws enacted by Congress during his term.
■ The years 1993-1997, the Philippine economy recovered dramatically.
■ Ramos implemented a comprehensive Social Reform Agenda (SRA) that addressed the long-
standing problem of poverty: jobs and livelihood, health, education and skills training, housing,
environmental protection, children and the youth, the elderly and the handicapped, agrarian
reform, and access to equal opportunity.
■ Filipino families’ average income grew more during his administration compared to 20 years
before. He pushed for the deregulation of key industries and the liberalization of the economy.
■ He encouraged the privatization of public entities, to include the modernization of public
infrastructure through an expanded Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) law.

22. C. Joseph E. Estrada
■ National Anti-Poverty Commission “Erap para sa mahirap”: Tinutukan ng
Komisyon ang mga batayang pangangailangan ng mahihirap tulad ng
pabahay, kalusugan, edukasyon at trabaho.
■ Visiting Forces Agreement: Ang VFA ay ang kasunduan kung saan ang
pinakamahalaga at pinakakontrobersyal na probisyon ay ang para sa mga
sundalong Amerikano na nasa Pilipinas upang magsagawa ng military
exercises kasama ng mga sundalong Pilipino.
■ Repormang Agraryo: Pinalawak ang sakop ng Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) para sa mga magsasakang walang lupain.
■ Enhanced Retail Access for the Poor (ERAP): Nagtayo ito ng rolling stores na
nagbebenta ng murang bigas, asukal at iba pang pangangilangan ng mga
Pilipino.
■ Repormang Agraryo: Pinalawak ang sakop ng Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) para sa mga magsasakang walang lupain.