Graphene Council standards and regulatory environment 2015 commercialization show

The Graphene Council
Research, Development, Application
Manchester, 17 April 2015
Developing crucial industry standards
for graphene and understanding the
regulatory environment

About The Graphene Council

• Purpose - to provide a platform for networking and information
exchange for anyone that is involved in the research,
development or application of graphene.
• Ultimately, to help facilitate the development of a sustainable
market and industry for graphene and related materials.
• Member of the ANSI / ISO Technical Committee (TC) 229
Nanotechnologies and the IEC TC 113 Standards
Development Groups

• Established August 2013
• More than 4,600 Members
and 6,000 subscribers
• The largest community
dedicated to graphene

• 40% are involved in research
• 47% are senior managers
• 9% are CEO’s, COO’s, and Owners
• 46% are in the United States
• 31% are in Europe
• 21% are in Asia

• Provide a quarterly
newsletter that includes
original interviews and
reviews of recent
developments
• Subscribe for free at:
www.thegraphenecouncil.org

The Market for Graphene

Forecast to grow to between USD 126 -149 million by 2020*.
Promising applications include:
• Medicine
• Sensors
• Diagnostics and Testing
• Electronics
• Transistors
• Light processing
*Sources:
Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015
Ross Kozarsky "Is Graphene the Next Silicon ... Or Just the Next Carbon Nanotube?" December 17, 2012 | State of the Market Report Lux Research
Mallick, S. C. (2014). Global Graphene Market (Bulk material, Film, Product Type, Applications, Geography) - Industry Analysis, Trends, Share,
Opportunities and Forecast, 2013- 2020. Allied Market Research.
• Energy Storage
• Water ﬁltration
• Lubricants
• Nanoantennas
• Corrosion and Waterproof Coatings
• Thermal management
• Composite Structural Materials

• Main challenges include the absence of any standards.
• Producers are calling material that contains many different
forms of carbon “graphene”.
• Confusion in the nomenclature even for materials that is of
same or similar characteristics
• Inconsistency in the production of materials
• Lack of a standard to assure buyers of quality and
performance characteristics

• Entry of many new producer companies that have little or no
track record and scant information about how their products
are produced or actual quality levels.
• Estimated 300 graphene producers (up from approx. 100 two
years ago). However, confusion regarding materials produced
(i.e. graphene vs graphene oxide).
• High barrier to convince end-users to replace traditional
materials with graphene or graphene enabled products.

The Need for Standards

Why Standards are needed
• Standards allow industry participants to work in an environment of
trust by using common deﬁnitions and measurements that we all
rely on to conduct business.
• Without common standards, there can be no trust between market
participants and without trust, we have no market.
• Standards are also needed in order to operate in a well regulated
and transparent regulatory environment. In the absence of
standards, it becomes difﬁcult for regulators to make sensible
policy and for market participants, a lack of standards creates risk.

There are currently no universally agreed standards for graphene materials. One of the earliest attempts
appeared in the Carbon Journal (Alberto Bianco, 2013). For purposes of discussion, the following
classifications* can be used;
Note: The vFLG*, FLG and MLG definitions for number of sheets overlap.
# of sheets Product description
1 Graphene (monolayer)
1-3 Very few layer graphene (vFLG)
2-5 Few layer graphene (FLG)
2-10 Multilayer graphene (MLG)
>10 Exfoliated graphite or “Graphene nanoplatelets” (GNP)
For monolayer films or suspended single layer sheets of graphene, these materials can be subdivided by
planar size:
Lateral dimensions Product description
<100nm Graphene nanosheets
100nm to 100um Graphene microsheets
>100um Graphene sheets
>10mm Graphene film or wafer
Source: *vFLG is a designation added by Fullerex
*Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015

The Carbon Journal (Alberto Bianco, 2013) editorial team identified various terms and forms
of graphene and related materials.
Graphene
Graphene layer
Turbostratic carbon
Bilayer graphene, trilayer graphene
Multi-layer graphene (MLG)
Few-layer graphene (FLG)
Exfoliated graphite
Graphene nanosheet
Graphene microsheet
Source:
*Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015
Graphene nanoribbon
Graphene quantum dots (GQD)
Graphene oxide (GO)
Graphite oxide
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
Graphenic carbon materials
Graphene oxide nanosheets
Few-layer graphene nanoribbons
Multilayer graphene oxide ﬁlm

Graphene Standards
Current efforts to establish standard deﬁnitions and testing;
• The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, led by Andrew J Pollard, is
working with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), through
the Nanotechnologies Technical Committe (TC229), and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 113. (Primarily electronic properties)
• NPL has submitted an international standard to a joint ISO/IEC working group
for the deﬁnition of the accepted terminology for graphene and 2-D advanced
materials.
• NPL is also providing graphene material testing and characterization services
for producers and users of graphenic materials.

Graphene Standards
• The American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) Nanotechnology
Standards Panel (NSP) and the ANSI-Accredited US TAG to ISO/TC 229
Nanotechnologies, TAG Working Group 4: Materials Speciﬁcations, are
focused on Graphene deﬁnitions and standards.
• The NPL is also working with the ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies on
standards development.
• The Graphene Flagship is also conducting work on the establishment of
standards, however, this has been at a preliminary stage to date and is
expected to pick up over the next 24 months.

Example: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS12805
“The need for this Technical Specification arose in response to the failure of specifications
agreed between suppliers of manufactured nano-objects and their customers to ensure
delivery of material that responds consistently to downstream processing or that is capable
of generating consistent performance in the final product between batches and lots.
This observed inconsistent performance of batches or lots of material has led to the
conclusion that the cause has to be related to one or more of the following scenarios.
The specification agreed between customer and supplier does not cover all material
characteristics that have an influence on performance and/or processability, or it has been
interpreted differently by the customer and supplier.
• One or more material characteristic is currently being measured by an inappropriate
technique.
• One or more measurement technique is being applied in an incorrect manner.
This Technical Specification is intended to help address all of these issues.”
Source: www.ansi.org/isotc229tag/

Standards development is a slow process and requires input
from market participants.
Industry is moving faster than the standards or the regulatory
environment leaving consumers without objective tools to help
guide adoption of these new materials.
Graphene Standards

The Regulatory Environment

Is Graphene a nanomaterial?
• On 18 October 2011 the European Commission adopted the Recommendation on the
definition of a nanomaterial which, according to this Recommendation, means:
“A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state
or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % or more of the particles in
the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm -
100 nm.
In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety
or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50 % may be replaced by a
threshold between 1 and 50 %.
By derogation from the above, fullerenes, graphene flakes and single wall carbon
nanotubes with one or more external dimensions below 1 nm should be considered as
nanomaterials.”
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/nanotech/faq/definition_en.htm

Regulatory Environment
“Currently, the toxicity of many nanomaterials is unknown, but
initial research indicates that there may be health concerns
related to occupational exposures. Due to the potential for
health effects, it is important to control worker exposures to the
extent possible.”
U.S. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Health and Safety

• There are occupational health and safety concerns for producers,
distributers and users, however, very little testing and safety proﬁling on
the various forms of graphene has been accomplished to date.
• The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is
responsible for nano-materials regulation in Europe https://osha.europa.eu
• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the
U.S. federal agency that conducts research and makes recommendations
to prevent worker injury and illness. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html

• As an example, the EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-
Identified Health Risks adopted a position statement that explicitly
identifies graphene as a potential human health risk;
“ Reviews suggest that graphene nanomaterials could exert a
considerable toxicity and that considerable emission of graphene
from electronic devices and composites are possible in the future. It is
also suggested that graphene is both persistent and hydrophobic.
Although these results indicate that graphene may cause adverse
environmental and health effects, the results foremost show that there
are many risk related knowledge gaps to be filled.”
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_s_002.pdf

• We recommend that producers and
end-users treat graphene as any
other nano-material when it comes
to handling and health and safety
issues.
• Resource: U.S. CDC “Nanomaterial
Production and Downstream
Handling Processes”
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf

Sample of “Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes”
recommendations;
• Prevention through Design (PtD) - to design out or minimize hazards early in the
design process.
• Elimination and substitution of nanomaterials*.
• Engineering controls; fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, glove box isolators,
glove bags, bag dump stations, and directional laminar ﬂow booths.
• Personal Protective Equipment; gloves, gauntlets, and laboratory clothing or
coats. Gloves made of neoprene, nitrile, or other chemical-resistant gloves should
be used and changed frequently. Respiratory protection should be used to
reduce worker exposures to acceptable levels.
*This actually works against graphene producers
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf

Get more information from the
Nanotechnology Industry Association.
nanotechia.org

Conclusions

Conclusions
• As the market for graphene matures, standards will be
necessary for the benefit of producers and consumers alike.
• Increased regulatory scrutiny can also be expected and
agreed standards will help reduce regulatory risk.
• Producers need to become more involved in the definition of
standards and work collaboratively in order to positively
influence the environment for the broader industry.

If you would like to get involved, feel free to contact me:
tbarkan@thegraphenecouncil.org
www.thegraphenecouncil.org
LinkedIn:
http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Graphene-Council-5153830/about

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