2. 1770: March - Boston Massacre
1770: April – Townsend Acts repealed
1772: Committees of Correspondence est.
1773: May – Tea Act
1773: Dec – Boston Tea Party
1774: First Continental Congress
3. 1763: Treaty of Paris, 1763
Ends French & Indian War
L140,000,000 British war debt
1764: Sugar Act
sugar, molasses, coffee, indigo, wine
1765: Stamp Act
Printed documents
1765: Quartering Act
Requirement to house redcoats
1767: Townshend Acts
Glass, lead, paper, paints, tea
4. Post-French & Indian War:
Colonists expected to participate in mercantile
system
Smuggling (illegal) with French & other
merchants
TAXES:
▪ Sugar Act, Tea Act, Townsend Acts, Stamp Act
▪ Duties: taxes on imports
6. British concepts about government:
Consent of the Governed: government should
rule only so long as its citizens consent to be
governed
Representative Government: people have the
right to elect persons to represent them and make
political decisions
Limited Government: the power of government
is limited by “natural law”
▪ Natural Rights: life, liberty & property
7. American ideas on Self-Government:
Town meetings for local matters
Colonial legislatures
▪ Militia
▪ Taxes
Result: only elected representatives should pass
laws and set taxes in the colonies
8. Americans resent Britain because:
Taxes
▪ “No taxation without representation!”
Legal rights as British citizens are ignored
▪ Trial by jury suspended in smuggling cases
▪ Searches allowed without warrants
British troops are sent for law enforcement
N. colonies react more strongly to British actions
1770: Boston Massacre
9. 1773: Tea Act
Monopoly (exclusive right to sell)
Dec. 16, 1773: Boston Tea Party (Sons of Liberty)
Parliament’s reaction: “Intolerable Acts”
▪ (1) Port of Boston closed
▪ (2) MA forbidden from holding town meetings or electing
officials
▪ (3) Colonists required to quarter soldiers
10.
Colonial Reaction:
1st Continental Congress
British officials targeted
▪ Britain sends more troops
4/19/1775: Lexington & Concord
“the shot heard round the world”
Georgia Chooses Sides:
Reluctant to join fight:
▪ Relatively young colony
▪ Backcountry Settlers more in favor of independence
▪ Whigs: anti-British; “patriots”
▪ Tories: pro-British; “loyalists”
11. Locating the Main Ideas, p.107
In what ways did American colonists gain
experience in self-government?
Why was the Georgia colony at first reluctant to
join with the other colonies in gaining freedom
from Great Britain?
12. Locating the Main Ideas, p. 107
Define:
Smuggling
Duties
Boycott
Natural law
Militia
Monopoly
Whig
Tory
13. Locating the Main Ideas, p.107
Identify:
▪ Sons of Liberty
▪ Crispus Attucks
▪ Paul Revere
▪ Representative Government
▪ Boston Massacre
14.
1775: Start of Revolutionary War
4/1775: Lexington & Concord
5/1775: Second Continental Congress
▪ Georgia sends 2 delegates
▪ Decision made to draft a Declaration of Independence
▪ Organization of army – George Washington to be Commander
▪ Petition (formal written request) sent to George III
George refuses; Parliament bans trade with America
6/1775: Washington appt. head of Continental Army
6/1775: Battles of Bunker Hill & Breed’s Hill
Royal Government Comes to an End
July 1775: “Provincial Congress” @ Savannah
▪ Vote to:
▪ (1) Join other colonies in boycott of British goods
▪ (2) “Council of Safety” est. to enforce boycott
15. 2 Governments rule Georgia:
▪ British government – Governor Sir James Wright
▪ Colonial government
8/1775: King George III declares the colonies in rebellion
January 1776: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
January 1776: Whigs arrest Governor Wright
Wright escapes
April 1776: “Rules & Regulations” adopted
Temporary constitution
Preamble (introduction)
Popular Sovereignty (gov’t rests on the people’s will)
July 4 1776: Declaration of Independence adopted by 2nd Continental Congress
16.
Georgia signers:
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
Authored by Thomas Jefferson
1. All men are created equal
2. Everyone is born with certain rights that government cannot take away (life,
liberty & the pursuit of happiness)
3. Government gets its power from the people
4. The people can do away with a government they no longer approve of!
“These colonies are … Free and Independent States.”
State = nation
Independent country with its own government
17. Button Gwinnett
Button Gwinnett served in Georgia's colonial legislature, in the Second Continental Congress, and
as president of Georgia's Revolutionary Council of Safety. He was one of three Georgia signers of
the Declaration of Independence.
Button Gwinnett's signature is said to be one of the rarest and most valuable of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence. The signature is housed at the Georgia Archives in Morrow.
18. Define:
Preamble
Popular Sovereignty
Petition
Declaration of Independence
State
Nation
19. Identify:
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
Thomas Jefferson
Why was it important to the rebelling Georgia
colonists to include the concept of popular
sovereignty in their temporary constitution?
20. 8/1776: Declaration of Independence read in
Savannah
Mock funeral for George III, cannons fired
Split families
▪ 1st generation: pro-British Tories (James Habersham)
▪ 2nd generation: anti-British (Habersham’s sons)
Tories leave
▪ 1,500 leave Georgia for W. FL, Carribbean, or Britain
21. Election called to author a new constitution
Constitution: fundamental plan of operation for a
government
▪ What can (or cannot) the government do?
▪ Branches of government
▪ How are offices to be filled?
2/1777: Georgia Constitution of 1777
▪ Preamble
▪ Separation of Powers: “The Legislative, executive & judicial
departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither
exercises the powers belonging to the others.”
22.
Reality of the Georgia Constitution of 1777
Unicameral (one-house) Legislative Branch
▪ Powers of the House of Assembly
▪ Enact Laws
▪ Appoint Executive Branch Officials
▪ Appoint Judicial Branch Officials
▪ Grant pardons
Weak Executive Branch (name only)
▪ Elected by the Legislature
▪ 1-year term, could not succeed himself in office
▪ 12-man Legislative Executive Council could veto governor
8 counties replace parishes
▪ Officials, courthouse, schools, militia, Superior Court
23. 5/1777: New Constitution goes into effect
Challenges
▪ 1000s still loyal to King George III
▪ Struggle amongst Whig groups
▪ 5/16/1777: duel - Lachlan McIntosh vs. Button Gwinnett
Lachlan to Gwinnett: “scoundrel & lying rascal”
Both wounded, Gwinnett dies
1777-1778: Valley Forge & Baron von Steuben
1778: Savannah recaptured by British
1779: Royal Governor returns
Siege of Savannah
Count Pulaski killed
24. Define:
Constitution
Separation of powers
Unicameral
Identify:
July 4, 1776
House of Assembly
John Adam Treutlen
25. Why were some Georgia families divided in
their loyalty to Great Britain?
Why was Georgia’s Constitution of 1777
written to give the legislative branch the
most power?
26. Georgia Loyalties:
1/3 Whigs
1/3 Tories
▪ 1776-1778: Tories driven out of GA
1/3 Neutral
Fighting in Georgia
b/w Georgians
b/w GA Patriots & E.FL Loyalists
▪ 3 attempts to capture British St.Augustine
27.
1778:
Britain attempts to regain GA &
Carolinas
12/1778: reach Savannah
▪ 2000 Tories vs. 700 Patriots
Battle for Savannah: Quamino Dolly
(slave) guides the British to victory
▪ British Victory
▪ Coastal GA becomes a (British) slave haven
Slaves also flee to S. GA & FL Indians
Slaves evacuate to Canada or
28.
1779: Sir James Wright returns to GA to re-establish British
authority
▪ GA loyalties are divided - Backcountry holds out
▪ Slaves are promised freedom for fighting with British
Early 1779: Battle of Kettle Creek
Wilkes County
▪ SC & GB Patriots (Leader: Lt. Col. Elijah Clarke)
Patriot Victory
▪ Supply of arms, ammunition, & horses
▪ Tories never again gain a sizeable backcountry force
Revolutionary War: Civil War
Neighbor vs. neighbor
Brother vs. brother
29. Elijah Clarke
In early 1794 Elijah Clarke, in an attempt to claim Creek lands west of the Oconee River,
established as many as six settlements in areas of present-day Greene, Morgan, Putnam, and
Baldwin counties. The state militia intervened in September 1794, and the settlements, which
came to be known as the Trans-Oconee Republic, were disbanded peacefully.
Elijah Clarke was among the few heroes of the Revolutionary War from Georgia. Clarke County is
named for him.
30. Fall 1779: Siege of Savannah (3 weeks)
Patriots & French try to re-take Savannah
▪ Patriot Leader: Count Casimir Pulaski
Result: Pulaski storms Savannah
▪ Patriots fail
▪ Pulaski is killed
▪ 1000 Patriot casualties
▪ British losses:
▪ 150 casualties
31. The End of War
1780: Britain controls all of GA
We are the ONLY colony still controlled by the crown
1781: Whigs recapture Augusta
In the meantime … Washington accepts Cornwallis’ surrender at
Yorktown = End of War
Spring 1782: British give up GA
2000 GA Tories & Slaves depart the state
1783: Treaty of Paris
Formal end of the war
“free and independent states”
32.
33. Treaty of Paris, 1783
Britain
▪ Ousted from N. America
▪ Indian allies remain loyal & will pester Americans
Spain
▪ Gains W. FL, & E. FL
▪ To be disputed: N. boundary of W. FL
34.
35. Building a New Nation
Recap:
Sept. 1774: 1st Continental Congress
April 1775: Battles of Lexington & Concord
May 1775: 2nd Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence to be written
June 1775: Washington, Commander in Chief
June 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill
Nov. 1777: Articles of Confederation Adopted
March 1781: Articles of Confederation ratified by 13 states
36. Building a New Nation
Articles of Confederation
States remain wary of a strong, central government!
▪ Confederation: Partnership
Weak union:
▪ Legislature (Congress)
▪ Unicameral
▪ Could not levy taxes
▪ Could not regulate trade
Challenges:
• Shaky Economy
• American business @ standstill
• Interstate Trade
▪ Executive (President)
▪ Virtually non-existent (for show)
▪ Judicial (Courts)
▪ None
▪ Representation: Equal (1 vote per state)
37. Building a New Nation
1786: MA levies a tax to pay war debt
1787: Shays Rebellion
Citizens rebel against the tax
Lesson Learned: Regulation of interstate trade is needed!
May 1787: Philadelphia Convention
Purpose: Revise the Articles of Confederation
Result: The US Constitution is drafted
Convention Compromises
▪ Representation: Size Based? Equal Representation? Slaves?
▪ House: Size Based
▪ Senate: Equal Representation
▪ Federal System
▪ National: defense, interstate commerce, foreign affairs, etc.
▪ State: roads & taxes
▪ Separation Of Powers and Checks & Balances
Legislative: Enacts (Makes)
Executive: Enforces
Judicial: Interprets
38. Key Constitutional Compromises
Problem
Solution
The Great
Compromise
In the legislative branch,
states with large populations
wanted representation based
on population. States with
small populations wanted
equal representation.
Congress was created with
a Senate (2 Senators per
state) and a House of
Representatives (with the
number of representatives
based on population)
The 3/5ths
Compromise
How to count the slaves for
the purposes of taxation and
representation in the House of
Representatives
Only three out of every 5
slaves were counted for
taxation and
representation purposes.
39. Key Constitutional Compromises
Problem
Solution
The
Commerce
Compromise
Who would regulate trade with
foreign nations and among the
states? The South’s economy
depended on free trade
Congress would regulate all trade. It
could impose tariffs on imports only.
The tariffs had to apply throughout
the country.
The Slave
Trade
Compromise
As a result of the Commerce
Compromise, Congress would
regulate trade. Did that mean
Congress could also prohibit the
slave trade by law and tax slaves
as imports?
Congress was prohibited from
regulating the slave trade for 20
years (until 1808). During that time
the import tax could not exceed $10.
40. Define:
Articles of Confederation
Levy
Confederation
Federal
Legislative
Executive
judicial
checks and balances
41. 2. Why were Americans interested in creating a weak
union of states under the Articles of Confederation?
3.List three problems that made political leaders
realize a strong central government was needed for
the new nation.
4. Why did delegates to the constitutional convention
divide the new government into three separate
branches?
42. GA Ratifies the Constitution
9/17/1787: Delegates approve the Constitution and
send it out to the 13 states for ratification (formal
approval)
Concerns of Americans
▪ Strength of Central Government
▪ No list of citizens’ guaranteed rights and liberties
▪ Solution: A Bill of Rights is promised!
1/2/1788: GA is #4 to ratify the Constitution!
43. State Government
1789: New State Constitution
3 branches of government
▪ Legislature: General Assembly
▪ Bicameral
▪ Most powerful
Appropriations bills
Selection of governor, judges & state officials
▪ Executive
▪ Judicial
▪ Superior Courts: Serious cases; organized into circuits
▪ Inferior Courts: Less serious cases; located in each county
44. 1789
New Constitutions for US & GA
Georgia’s Territory
Spreads to MS River
▪ Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw
▪ Lowest white population in the states
▪ New settlers are needed to protect the frontier!
45. Georgia & the US Constitution
http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/georgia_an
Siege of Savannah
▪ http://
www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/savannah_under_attack
46. Define:
Ratification
Bill of Rights
Bicameral
General Assembly
Superior Court
Inferior Court
47. Why were Georgians in favor of the new
Constitution and a stronger national
government?
What was Georgia’s population ranking
among the 13 states? Why was population
growth important to Georgia’s future?