2. Taxonomy – is the science of classifying
and naming organisms.
Systematics – is the science of
classifying and naming organisms
based on phylogenetic (evolutionary)
relationship and complexity.
Karl Von Linnae (Carolus Linnaeus)
- Father of Taxonomy
6. Fig. 1-14
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
9. •Differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaea EukaryaEubacteria DOMAIN
Kingdom
EUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES
10. 1. Internal Membrane System
Organelles - Structures of the cell that is made up of
membranes and perform specific functions
(Present in Eukaryotes) (Absent in Prokaryotes)
11.
12. 1. Internal Membrane System
Organelles - Structures of the cell that is made up of
membranes and perform specific functions
(Present in Eukaryotes) (Absent in Prokaryotes)
29. Summary:Points of Similarities and
Differences
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Internal Membrane
System (Organelle)
Absent Present
Presence of Nucleus
(Container of genetic
material)
Absent but with
nucleoid region
Present
No. of Chromosomes One only Two or more
Extrachromosomal DNA
(Secondary DNA)
Plasmids Mitochondrial DNA and
Chloroplast DNA
30. Summary:Points of Similarities and
Differences
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Chemical composition of
cell wall
Peptidoglycans,
muramic acids,
Lipopolysaccharide
Cellulose and Chitin
Asexual Reproduction
(Genetic Duplication)
Binary Fission Fragmentation -
regeneration, budding
Sexual Reproduction
(Genetic
Recombination)
Bacterial Conjugation Conjugation
Fertilization
Composition of Flagella Protein Flagellin Tubulin
31. Introduction to
- 6 Kingdoms of Life and their distinguishing
characteristics
33. Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria
Points of
Differences
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
habitat Thriving in extreme types
of environment or harsh
environment like in
undersea volcanic vents,
acidic hot springs, salty
water, methane –rich
environment.
Found in normal
environments like the soil,
water, air, inside or on
plants, animals. Some
other bacteria live
symbiotically in the guts of
animals or elsewhere in
their bodies.
Cell wall
composition
lipopolysaccharides Peptidoglycans , muramic
acids and
34. Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria
Points of
Differences
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Oxygen
dependence
anaerobic Mostly aerobic and
few anaerobes
Groups of
bacteria
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
halophiles
Cyanobacteria or blue
green algae
Cocci bacteria
Bacilli bacteria
Spiral bacteria
38. Some benefits of Bacteria
Many Eubacteria are also nitrogen fixers like
the Rhizobacteria that converts nitrogen into
usable forms in plants
39. Some benefits of Bacteria
They are also decomposers
that break down complex
organic compounds into
usable inorganic simple
forms. This makes them very
important components of
the ecosystem that make
possible the cycling of many
materials in the
environment.
40. Some benefits of Bacteria
Some eubacteria exhibit mutualistic symbiosis
with animals and man. An example of this is
Lactobacillus which is found in the intestines of
man. These bacteria assist man in the process of
digestion.
Many are used in medicine and industry via
genetic engineering where products like
enzymes, hormones like insulin, vaccines, blood
proteins, antibiotics and more are produced.
41. Some Harmful effects of Bacteria
Some bacteria cause food spoilage
Many cause diseases to man, animals, plants
and fungi. They are considered pathogens.
43. Plants
Eukaryotic and Multicellular
Cell wall composition: Cellulose
and hemicelluloses
Has an organelle chloroplast
which contains pigments such as
chlorophyll that is responsible for
photosynthesis. (Autotroph)
44.
45. Plant vs. Animal Cell
Points of Differences Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present absent
chloroplast present absent
Centrioles absent present
vacuoles large small
Reserved food starch glycogen
46. Fungi
Saprophytic in nature, they decompose complex
molecule into simple molecule.
Fungal cells do not have chloroplasts thus they
cannot perform photosynthesis
Fungal cell walls are made up of chitin.
Fungal cells do not differentiate thus they do not have
roots, leaves, stems or leaves.
Fungal cells grow at the tips of their hyphae.
Fungal cells produce spores for reproduction
47. Protista (Protist)
Generally, unicellular organisms
Eukaryotic
Many are ciliated or flagellated or
amoeboid
Some are autotrophs and others
are heterotrophs
Some with chloroplasts.