Nasya 1-ksr

Fundamentals of Nasya Karma
Fundamentals of
Nasya KarmaNasya Karma
BBy
Dr KSR Prasad
CME on Panchakarma for AYUSH Doctors
January 9th to 14th 2017 @
Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka
Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://www.technoayurveda.com/

Learning Objectives
R i f N k ith d fi iti• Review of Nasya karma with definition,
classification and advantages of Nasya by
different acharyasdifferent acharyas
• Knowledge of Anatomy of nose and para‐nasal
sinusessinuses.
• Pharmacological action of modern drugs
administered through nose.administered through nose.
• Standardization of the dose of various types of
Nasyas. y
• Standardization of Bindu Pramana.

Introduction
• “Nasya” with a synonym “Navana” – is
defined as “Nasa Graahya Aushadham” i.e. y
the medicine administered/ received through
nosenose
• For the medicine administration different
b h hroutes are used in Ayurveda but to reach the
“shiras”, the Head it is difficult with other
routes there by the “Nasya” is developed

Nasal administration
• Nasal administration is a route of administration inNasal administration is a route of administration in
which drugs are insufflated through the nose. It can
be a form of either topical administration orbe a form of either topical administration or
systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally
delivered can go on to have either purely local ordelivered can go on to have either purely local or
systemic effects.
• The nasal cavity is covered by a well vascularised thin• The nasal cavity is covered by a well vascularised thin
mucosa, therefore, a drug molecule can be
transferred quickly across the single epithelial celltransferred quickly across the single epithelial cell
layer directly within 5 min for smaller drug
moleculesmolecules.

Routes of Medicine Administration
d d h l• Ayueveda used the most common route – Oral
and the alternative routes are – Rectal,
transurethral, trans‐dermal, Nasal, etc.
• The mucosa of either external (Skin) or ( )
internal (GI tract) or even the nasal mucosa
are comfortably used with ionized bioactive y
isotonic solutions or nano to micro fined
power dustings as medicines to pacify thepower dustings as medicines to pacify the
pathologic conditions

Synonyms of Nasya
• Shiro Virechana
• Shiro Vireka Virechana word is used as it
Shiro Vireka
• Moordha Virechana
is propelling out
Chardana ord is sed as it
• Nasthah Prachhardhana
• Navana
Chardana word is used as it
is spurts out
Navana
• Nastha Karma These terms are used as it is
administered per nasa
• Nasya karma
p

Surface Anatomy
P t i i l t l l l th• Posterior superior lateral nasal nerves supply the
nasal cavity lateral wall
• Posterior superior medial nasal nerves cross the roofPosterior superior medial nasal nerves cross the roof
to the nasal septum
• Nasopalatine nerve, supply to medial wall of the nasal p pp y
cavity
• Posterior inferior nasal nerves innervate the lateral
wall of the nasal cavitywall of the nasal cavity
• a small nasal nerve also originates from the anterior
superior alveolar branch of the infra‐orbital nerve andsuperior alveolar branch of the infra orbital nerve and
supply the lateral wall near the anterior end of the
inferior concha.

Surface Anatomy
P th ti i ti i S t t• Parasympathetic innervation – i.e. Secretomotor
innervation of glands in the mucosa of the nasal
cavitycavity
• Sympathetic innervation (T1), mainly involved
with regulating blood flow in the nasal mucosawith regulating blood flow in the nasal mucosa
• Lymph from anterior regions of the nasal cavities
drains and connect with the submandibulardrains and connect with the submandibular
nodes
• Lymph from posterior regions of the nasal cavity y p p g y
and the paranasal sinuses drains into upper deep
cervical nodes.

Applied Physiology
S ll d ll l ifi d i l• Smell and taste are generally classified as visceral
senses because of their close association with
t i t ti l f ti Ph i l i ll thgastrointestinal function. Physiologically, they are
related to each other.
• Both taste and smell receptors are
chemoreceptors that are stimulated by
l l i l i i i h dmolecules in solution in mucus in the nose and
saliva in the mouth.
• However, these two senses are anatomically
quite different.

Applied Physiology
Th lf ll l d i i li d• The olfactory receptor cells are located in a specialized
portion of the nasal mucosa, the yellowish‐pigmented
olfactory mucous membraneolfactory mucous membrane
• It covers an area of 5 cm2 in the roof of the nasal cavity
near the septum It contains supporting cells andnear the septum. It contains supporting cells and
progenitor cells for the olfactory receptors.
• Interspersed between these cells are 10‐20 millionInterspersed between these cells are 10 20 million
receptor cells. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron, and
the olfactory mucous membrane is said to be the place
in the body where the nervous system is closest to the
external world.

Applied Physiology
• The olfactory neurons, like the taste receptor
cells (see below) but unlike most other ( )
neurons, are constantly being replaced with a
half‐time of a few weeks The olfactoryhalf time of a few weeks. The olfactory
renewal process is carefully regulated, and
there is evidence that in this situation a bonethere is evidence that in this situation, a bone
morphogenic protein (BMP) exerts an
inhibitory effect.

Applied Physiology
h lf b i l• The olfactory mucous membrane is constantly
covered by mucus. This mucus is produced by
B ' l d hi h j t d th b lBowman's glands, which are just under the basal
lamina of the membrane.
• The axons of the mitral and tufted cells pass
posteriorly through the intermediate olfactory
i d h l l lf i hstria and the lateral olfactory stria to the
olfactory cortex.
• The axons terminate on the apical dendrites of
pyramidal cells in the olfactory cortex.

Olfactory cortex
Olfactory cortex
• In humans, sniffing activates the piriform cortex, g p
but smells with or without sniffing activate the
lateral and anterior orbitofrontal gyri of the
frontal lobe.
• The orbitofrontal activation is generally greater g y g
on the right side than the left. Thus, the cortical
representation of olfaction is asymmetric.
• Other fibers project to the amygdala, which is
probably involved with the emotional responses p y p
to olfactory stimuli, and to the entorhinal cortex,
which is concerned with olfactory memories. y

Dose determination of Sneha Nasya
• Snehana Nasya (Sushruta)
– Pradhama Matra (Avara) = 8 Bindu (Drops)( ) ( p )
– Dwiteeya Matra (Madhyama) = 1 Shukti = 32 Bindu
Truteeya Matra (Uttama) 1 Pani 64 Bindu– Truteeya Matra (Uttama) = 1 Pani = 64 Bindu
• Charaka Nasya (Sneha) ‐ Ardha Pala (2 tola)
• Bhoja Nasya (Sneha) – 16 Bindu in progressive
till 64 drops (4 times)till 64 drops (4 times)

Dose determination of Virechanika Nasya
h (f i di id l )• Sushruta (for individual nose)
– Heena Matra = 4 Bindu
– Madhyama Matra = 6 Bindu
– Uttama Matra = 8 Bindu
• Duration of Virechana Nasya (Sushruta)
Alternative day or once in two days– Alternative day or once in two days
– 7 – 21 days of total duration or till required with in
F f l t d t i d il ( h h )– For few selected twice daily (muhurmuhu)
– Restriction of duration 7 days by Arunadatta

Dose determination
A d N (S h t )• Avapeedana Nasya (Sushruta)
– Heena Matra = 4 Bindu
Madhyama Matra 6 Bindu– Madhyama Matra = 6 Bindu
– Uttama Matra = 8 Bindu
– Duration as like Virechana Nasya– Duration as like Virechana Nasya
• Dhmapana (churna) Nasya
– 1 kola (1/2 tola) = 5 gms– 1 kola (1/2 tola) = 5 gms
– Time of usage = in emergency
• Pratimarsha nasya – No specific dose – veryPratimarsha nasya No specific dose very
minimal of 2 drops (Vagbhata /Bhavamishra)

Vagbhata Marsha Nasya dose
H M 6 Bi d– Heena Matra =6 Bindu
– Madhyama Matra = 8 Bindu
– Uttama Matra =10 Bindu
• Bhavamishra Tarpani Matra (high dose/nase)p ( g / )
– Heena Matra = 8 Bindu (1 sana)
– Madhyama Matra = 32 Bindu (4 sana)Madhyama Matra = 32 Bindu (4 sana)
– Uttama Matra =64 Bindu (8 Sana)
2 3 times /day or alternative day for 3 5 or 7– 2 – 3 times /day or alternative day for 3, 5 or 7
days

i l d i iFinal Dose determination
Nasya Type Heena Madhyama Uttama
Snehana 8 32 64
Rechana 4 6 8
Avapeedana
(Kalka)
4 6 8
( )
Pratimarsha 2 2 2
Marsha 6 8 10Marsha 6 8 10
Dhmapana
(churna)
125mg
(2 gunja)
3gms
(churna) (2 gunja)
1 bindu is defined as the oil collected by dipping the finger till first phalagi

Timing & seasons for Nasya

Olfactory Thresholds & Discrimination
Olf d l b• Olfactory receptors respond only to substances
that are in contact with the olfactory epithelium
d di l d i th thi l f th tand are dissolved in the thin layer of mucus that
covers it.
• Eg: Methyl mercaptan, one of the substances in
garlic, can be smelled at a concentration of less
h 500 /L f ithan 500 pg/L of air.
• Olfactory discrimination is remarkable;
• Humans can recognize more than 10,000
different odors.

Signal Transduction
• Olfactory mucosa and its brain representation canOlfactory mucosa and its brain representation can
mediate discrimination of more than 10,000 different
odors.
• Question is how 10,000 different odors can be
detected lies in the neural organization of thedetected lies in the neural organization of the
olfactory pathway.
• 2 million olfactory sensory neurons and each• 2 million olfactory sensory neurons, and each
expresses only one of the thousand different odorant
receptorsreceptors.
• In the olfactory glomeruli, there is lateral inhibition
mediated by periglomerular cells and granule cellsmediated by periglomerular cells and granule cells.

Signal Transduction
• Each neuron expressing a given receptor projects to twoEach neuron expressing a given receptor projects to two
of the 1800 glomeruli. This provides a distinct two‐
dimensional map in the olfactory bulb that is unique to p y q
the odorant. The mitral cells with their glomeruli
project to different parts of the olfactory cortex.
• This sharpens and focuses olfactory signals. In addition,
the extracellular field potential in each glomerulus
oscillates, and the granule cells appear to regulate the
frequency of the oscillation. The exact function of the
oscillation is unknown, but it probably also helps to
focus the olfactory signals reaching the cortex.

Signal Transduction
• In addition, lipophilic odor‐producing moleculesIn addition, lipophilic odor producing molecules
must traverse the hydrophilic mucus in the nose to
reach the receptors. These facts led to thereach the receptors. These facts led to the
suggestion that the olfactory mucus might contain
one or more odorant‐binding proteins (OBP) thatone or more odorant binding proteins (OBP) that
concentrate the odorants and transfer them to the
receptors.receptors.
• Its receptors project to the accessory olfactory bulb
and from there primarily to areas in the amygdalaand from there primarily to areas in the amygdala
and hypothalamus that are concerned with
reproduction and ingestive behaviorreproduction and ingestive behavior.

Signal Transduction
• Vomeronasal input has major effects on theseVomeronasal input has major effects on these
functions. The vomeronasal organ has about
30 ti d t t th t diff30 serpentine odorant receptors that differ
quite markedly in structure from those in the
rest of the olfactory epithelium.
• The sense of smell is said to be more acute inThe sense of smell is said to be more acute in
women than in men, and in women it is most
acute at the time of ovulationacute at the time of ovulation.

Signal Transduction
• It is common knowledge that when one isIt is common knowledge that when one is
continuously exposed to even the most disagreeable
odor, perception of the odor decreases andodor, perception of the odor decreases and
eventually ceases. This sometimes beneficent
phenomenon is due to the fairly rapid adaptation, orphenomenon is due to the fairly rapid adaptation, or
desensitization, that occurs in the olfactory system. It
is mediated by Ca2+ acting via calmodulin on cyclicis mediated by Ca acting via calmodulin on cyclic
nucleotide‐gated (CNG) ion channels. When CNG A4
is knocked out, adaptation is slowed.is knocked out, adaptation is slowed.

Conclusion
Th ll f h lf i h li j i• The nerve cells of the olfactory epithelium project into
the olfactory bulb of the brain, which provides a direct
connection between the brain and the externalconnection between the brain and the external
environment.
• The transfer of drugs to the brain from the bloodThe transfer of drugs to the brain from the blood
circulation is normally hindered by the blood–brain
barrier (BBB), which is virtually impermeable to passive ( ) y p p
diffusion of all but small, lipophilic substances.
• However, if drug substances can be transferred along
the olfactory nerve cells, they can bypass the BBB and
enter the brain directly.

Concl sion
…. Conclusion
• Olfactory and ophthalmic are inter connected
• Thoracic (T1) is the lower limit of the Nasya Karma effect( ) y
• Lateral, Frontal lobes (Shiras) are connected with nasya
activity y
• hydrophilic drugs comfortable pass through Nasal mucus
• lipophilic drugs with odorant‐binding proteins (OBP) arelipophilic drugs with odorant binding proteins (OBP) are
required to pass through
• Another choice is with emotional responses to recover• Another choice is with emotional responses to recover
olfactory memories
• Ceasing or desensitization of olfactory is mediated by Ca2+• Ceasing or desensitization of olfactory is mediated by Ca
acting via calmodulin on cyclic nucleotide‐gated (CNG) ion
channels (vata). Its pacification is through Brumhana Nasya.channels (vata). Its pacification is through Brumhana Nasya.

Thank You
• Nasahi shiraso dwaram and Nasya is
multiracial management of Ayurvedag y

Nasya 1-ksr

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