LEDs – The Future of Lighting

Kelly Gordon January 17, 2006
PNNL

LEDs – The Future of Lighting?

Jeff McCullough, LC
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

February 14, 2008

1

Today’s Topics

• Introduction
• LEDs “101”
– Along the way we will “bust” some myths
about LEDs
• DOE’s SSL Commercialization Strategy
– Lighting for Tomorrow® Design Competition
– ENERGY STAR® Criteria
– CALiPER® Program
2

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“Solid State Lighting is the
most disruptive technology
to hit the lighting industry in
50 years…”

3

U.S. Buildings Energy End-Use
Breakdown, 2001
Site Electricity Consumption Total Primary Energy (all fuels)

Computers Ventilation Computers
Ventilation 3% 3% 2%
4% Space Heating
10% Appliances
Appliances 7% Space Heating
7% Electronics 27%
6%
Electronics
Refrigeration
9%
Lighting 8%
2390 TWh 30% 37.6 quads
Refrigeration
11% Space Cooling
12%
Lighting
21%
Space Cooling Water Heating Water Heating
17% 9% 14%

4
Source: Building Technology Program Core Databook, August 2003. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/frame.asp?p=tableview.asp&TableID=509&t=xls

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DOE Solid-State Lighting
5 Thrust – Total Program

Guiding technology advances from laboratory to marketplace
5

Accelerated R&D for White Light SSL
200

175 White Light SSL
Efficacy (lumens per watt)

Laboratory
150
White Light SSL
Commercial
125 Conventional Lighting Metal Halide Potential Growth
Technologies Pulse start for Conventional
100 Light Sources
T-12 ES T-8 lamp
75
T-12 fluorescent

50 Mono
LED

25 Mono
OLED

0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
SSL Laboratory and Commercial Curves, revised May 2006
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White-Light LED Efficacy Targets
180

160

140

120
Efficacy (lm/W)

100

80

60
Laboratory Projection- Cool White
Commercial Product Projection - Cool White
Commercial Product Projection- Warm White
40 Laboratory
Foreign Competition- Laboratory
Commercial Product- Cool White
20 Foreign Competition - Commercial Product, Cool White
Commercial Product, Warm White
Foreign Competition - Commercial Product, Warm White
0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Note: Efficacy projections assume CRI=70 → 80, Color temperature = 5000-6000°K, 350ma drive current, and
Year 7
lamp-level specification only (driver/luminaire not included), reasonable lamp life.

What’s an LED you ask?

8

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How does an LED make Light?

9

LED Types
Indicator Illuminator

Courtesy: Lumileds

10

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What do LEDs look like?

Cree XLamp Philips Lumileds K2 GE Lumination Vio

LED Devices
11


Lamina Titan
Osram OSTAR

LED Packages or Light Engines
12

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Mule Lighting Lighting Sciences Group Enlux

LED Drop-in Replacements
13


Lighting Services Inc LumeLEX Color Kinetics iW Blast

Integrated LED Systems
14

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17

Top 5 Reasons not to own
BrightFeet™ Lighted Slippers
#5. They're not machine washable which means they will
never be cleaned during their useful life........ Ewuuuu!!!
#4. Do they come with parental controls to prevent your
children from using them as flashlights..... outside?
#3. Gee.... that's neeeat..... but do they keep your feet
warm?
#2. Do they come with a strap so that they can be warn on
your head for night reading?
…. and the #1 reason not to own BrightFeet Slippers:
Is it really a good idea to wake up your pet Doberman when
all he can see are two "beadie" eyes staring him down???
18

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Myth #1:

LEDs create no heat

19

Power Conversion for “White” Light Sources
Incandescent† Fluorescent† Metal
LED
(60W) (Typical linear CW) Halide‡

Visible Light 8% 21 % 27 % 15-25 %

Infrared 73 % 37 % 17 % ~0%

Ultraviolet 0% 0% 19 % 0%

Total Radiant
81 % 58 % 63 % 15-25 %
Energy

Heat
(Conduction + 19 % 42 % 37 % 75-85 %
Convection)

Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %
† IESNA Lighting Handbook – 9th Ed.
20
‡ Osram Sylvania

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Light Output vs. Junction Temperature (Tj)

21

Anatomy of an LED

22

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Myth #2:

LEDs last 100,000
hours
(or forever depending on whom you ask!)

23

Traditional Lamp Life Rating

Typical lamp mortality curve
• Lumen depreciation
vs. failure
• LED life definition
– L70 for general
illumination
• IESNA LM-80 test
procedure in process

24

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Light Output over Time

Courtesy: LRC

25

Myth #3:

LEDs are “White Light”
Sources

26

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The Visible Spectra

28

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CIE 1931 x,y Diagram

30

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Daylight Spectra

31

3000K Fluorescent Spectra

32

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5000K Fluorescent Spectra

33

How do LEDs make white light?

Courtesy: Lumileds
34

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Myth #4:

LEDs are more efficient
than Fluorescent

35

• “Nichia delivers 92 lm/W at 350 mA”
Nov 2006

• “Philips Lumileds shatters 350 mA
performance records with 115 lm/W LED”
Jan 2007 (R&D result)

• “Cree achieves 1000 lumens from a single
LED” [ 52 – 72 lm/W]
Sep 7, 2007 (R&D result)

• “Seoul Semiconductor to launch 420
lumen LED next quarter” [52 lm/W]
36
Sep 19, 2007

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Interpreting Industry Announcements
• R&D result or commercial product?
– “25/25” testing
– R&D to market typically 12-24 months
• What drive current is assumed?
– High output devices are 350 mA to more than 1 Amp
– Lower current devices usually ~20 mA
• How much total luminous flux per device?
• Luminous efficacy in lumens per watt (lm/W) is
for LED device only, not including driver or
thermal effects
• Chip size varies
– Makes apples to apples comparison difficult
37

Terms

Rated Lamp Lumens
Lamp Efficacy =
Lamp Input Power

Rated Lamp Lumens x BF
System Efficacyfluor =
Ballast/Driver Input Power

Luminaire Light Output
Luminaire Efficacy =
Ballast/Driver Input Power

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Candela Curve
0
350
150 10
340 20 100 W Incandescent
330 30
320 40
310 100 50
300 60

290 50 70

280 80

270 0 90

260 100

250 110

240 120
230 130
220 140
210 150
200 160
190 170
180
39

Candela Curve
0
350
150 10
340 20 100 W Incandescent
330 30 Z-LED P4
320 40 Luxeon Batwing
310 100 50 Luxeon Side Emitting

300 60

290 50 70

280 80

270 0 90

260 100

250 110

240 120
230 130
220 140
210 150
200 160
190 170
180
40

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Luminaire Efficacy
35 lm/W

41

LED energy efficiency is a function of:

LED device efficacy
+
Thermal management

+

Driver/power supply efficiency
+
Luminaire design
42

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Efficiency & Quality Trade-offs

Color Temperature* Efficacy

Color Temperature* Efficacy

CRI* Efficacy

Heat Efficiency / Output

Heat Life / Durability

* Phosphor-converted LEDs 43

2007 SSL Competition

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2007 SSL Competition

• Niche applications
– Undercabinet and in-cabinet
– Portable desk/task
– Outdoor porch, path, step
– Recessed downlights
• LED luminous efficacy – min requirements
– 40 lm/W for < 5000K
– 50 lm/W for 5000K +
45

2007 Grand Prize Winner
• LR6 by LLF Inc
– 11 watts, 600 lumens, 54 lm/W
– 2700 K, 92 CRI

46

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Winner – Undercabinet
• PLS Undercabinet by Finelite
– 3500 K, 71 CRI

47

Winner – Portable desk/task
• PLS Task by Finelite
– 3500 K, 71 CRI

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Winner – Outdoor

• Strata by Progress
Lighting
– 5 watts, 125 lumens
– 25 lm/W
– 3200 K, 70 CRI

49

Honorable Mention
• Wall sconces by
Justice Design Group

50

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ENERGY STAR® v1.0

51

Activities to Date

• 1st Draft released December 20, 2006
• Stakeholder meeting February 8, 2007
• 2nd Draft released April 9, 2007
• Final Criteria released September 12, 2007
• ENERGY STAR Lighting Partner Meeting in
Phoenix February 25-27, 2008
• Effective date set for September 30, 2008

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Scope
• Excludes OLEDs… for now
• Limits coverage to LED systems for “white light”
general illumination only
• Both commercial and residential
• Luminaire efficacy key metric
• Establish 2-category specification:
– Category A: prescriptive specifications for near-term
lighting applications
– Category B: performance specification for all
applications (long-term)
53

Compact Fluorescent Lighting in America:
Lessons Learned on the Way to Market
• Valuable lessons
– Be aggressive about dealing with
technology failures that affect main
benefit claims
– Know and admit technology limitations
– Don’t introduce inferior products; first
impressions are long lasting
– Accurate incandescent equivalency on
packaging is critical
– Manufacturers and energy-efficiency
groups should coordinate to establish
minimum performance requirements
• Use to avoid “CFL Part II”
• Apply to SSL commercialization path
54

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Transitional Two-Category Approach
• Approach recognizes rapidly changing
technology
• Allows early participation of limited range of
SSL products for directional lighting
applications (Category A)
• At some point (~3 years), Category A will be
dropped entirely; Category B then becomes
basis of criteria
Lighting industry is learning the unique issues of
applying SSL to general illumination. Going slow
allows industry and DOE to learn, and adjust 55

Significant Standard and Test Procedure
Activity
• Photometric measurements (IESNA LM-79)
– In final ballot
• Chromaticity (ANSI C78.377a)
– In final committee Review/Approval cycle
• Lumen Depreciation (Life) (IESNA LM-80)
– First draft under development
• Driver Standard (ANSI C82.XX1)
– In first committee review
• Definitions (IESNA RP-16)
– In second draft and currently in working group review
• UL “Outline of Investigation”
56

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Category A: Overall Approach
• Establish minimum luminaire efficacy
– Benchmark to fluorescent
• Consistent with current ENERGY STAR lighting
criteria
– Use IES recommendations wherever possible:
Handbook, RP-33-99, etc.
– Use ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Lighting sub-
committee consensus system efficacy for CFL
• 58.8 lm/W
• 50 lm/W (lower wattage applications and E* min.)
57

Overall Requirements
• Luminaire
– CCTs: 8 nominal CCTs
– Color Spatial Uniformity: 4-step
– Color Maintenance: 7-step
– CRI: ≥ 75 for indoor, silent on outdoor
– Off-state Power prohibited
• Exception for integral controls, limited to 0.5W
– 3 Year Warranty
– Thermal Management

58

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59
ANSI C78.377A DRAFT 3.3 (Nov. 22, 2006)

Seoul
CIE 1931 x,y Chromaticity Diagram - with existing ANSI, "proposed" SSL, LumiLeds' old
and new color bins for white light
0.46

2500 K
0.44 4000 K

"Proposed"
0.42 SSL

0.40
5000 K Cree

0.38
6000 K
Seoul
y 0.36 ANSI
7000 K
LL Old OSRAM Seoul
0.34
Bins
LumiLeds Iso-CCT line: ±0.02 Duv
0.32 New Bins

Seoul
0.30

0.28
Planckian locus Illuminant A
Nichia D65 Daylight Locus
K K
0.26 60
0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50
x

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Overall Requirements (cont.)
• Modules/Arrays
– Lumen depreciation (L70)
• Residential Indoor ≥ 25,000 hours
• Residential Outdoor and all Commercial ≥ 35,000 hours
• Residential Outdoor Luminaires
– Attached to buildings and > 13 watts requires
photo-control
• Power Supplies
– Power Factor
• ≥ 0.7 Residential ≥ 0.9 Commercial
– ≥ 120 Hz Output Operating Frequency
61

Category A: Niche Applications
• Directed light applications
– Energy efficiency potential due to directional
light source
– minimize fixtures losses
• Source relatively close to illuminated
surface
• Relatively modest illuminance
requirements
• Current fixtures ≤ 60% fixture efficiency
62

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Category A: Niche Applications

1. Undercabinet Kitchen
2. Undercabinet Shelf-mounted Task
3. Portable Desk/Task
4. Recessed Downlights (Res./Com.)
5. Outdoor Wall-mounted Porch
6. Outdoor Step
7. Outdoor Pathway
63

Assumptions for Establishing
Luminaire Efficacy
CFL Typical Calculated
Niche Application System Fixture Luminaire
Efficacy Efficiency Efficacy
Under-cabinet Kitchen 58.8 40% 24
Under-cabinet Shelf-mounted Task 58.8 50% 29
Portable Task 58.8 50% 29
Recessed Downlight (residential) 58.8 60% 35
Recessed Downlight (commercial) 58.8 60% 35
Outdoor Wall-mounted Porch 58.8 40% 24
Outdoor Step 50 40% 20
Outdoor Pathway 50 50% 25

64

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Under-cabinet Kitchen
• Minimum Light Output
– 125 lumens per lineal foot
• Zonal Lumen Density
Min. 25%
– Min. 60% in 0-60° zone
– Min. 25% in 60-90° zone
• Luminaire Efficacy
– ≥ 24 lm/W Min. 60%

• CCTs limited to: 2700,
3000 and 3500K

65

Category A: Under-cabinet Lighting

Philips SSL Solutions

Osram
66

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Under-cabinet Shelf Mounted Task
– 125 lumens per lineal foot
• Zonal Lumen Density Min. 25%
– Min. 60% in 0-60° zone
– Min. 25% in 60-90° zone
Min. 60%
– ≥ 29 lm/W
• CCTs Limited to
– 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
4000k, 4500K and 5000K
67

Portable Desk Task Lamps
– 200 lumens
– Minimum 85% of total
light output within 0-60°
zone
Min. 85%
– ≥ 29 lm/W
• CCTs Limited to
– 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
4000k, 4500K and 5000K
68

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Category A: Portable Desk/Task Lighting

6 Watt LED Desk Lamp Halley LED Desk Lamp

69

Recessed Downlights
– ≤ 4.5˝ Aperture 345 lm.
– > 4.5˝ Aperture 575 lm.
– Minimum 75% total light
output within 0-60° zone
Min. 75%
– ≥ 35 lm/W
• Residential CCTs
limited to:
– 2700K, 3000K and 3500K
70

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Category A: Recessed Downlights

Renaissance

Progress

Prescolite

71

Outdoor Wall-mounted Porch
– 150 lumens
zone
Min.85%
– ≥ 24 lm/W

72

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Category A: Outdoor Porch

“Lakeland” by Progress Lighting

73

Outdoor Step
– 50 lumens
– ≥ 20 lm/W

Min.85%

74

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Category A: Outdoor Step

75

Outdoor Pathway
– 100 lumens (initial)
zone
Minimum 85%
– ≥ 25 lm/W

76

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Category A: Outdoor Pathway

77

Category B: Efficacy Based
Performance

• Aggressive efficacy requirement: 70 lm/W
• Simpler; no total flux or zonal lumen
requirements
• Allows for non-directional lighting applications
• Manufacturers able to qualify under Category
B approximately three (3) years after the
effective date
• Serves as future target for manufacturers
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In Situ Testing Requirement

• Life (lumen depreciation) determined by in situ
temperature measurements of:
– Module, Array or “Light Engine”
– Power Supply/Driver
• Testing may be conducted at the same time as
UL 1598.

79

UL 1598 Environments

80

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Temperature Measurement Point (TMP)
• Manufacturer designated TMP correlating
to LM-80 test report or power supply
warranty
– Module/Array
• Case Temperature Tc
• Board Temperature Tb
– Power Supply
• Case Temperature Tc
• Could also be Tb for integral Power Supplies
81

Lumen Depreciation Qualification

• Option 1: Component Performance
– Applicable if:
• Module/Array has a current LM-80 test report
• Module/Array has a designated TMP
• TMP is accessible for in situ measurement
– Otherwise manufacturer must use Option 2
• Option 2: Luminaire Performance
– Entire luminaire subjected to LM-80
82

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Lumen Depreciation Passing Criteria
A luminaire passes if the L70 threshold (≥ 25,000
hours for indoor residential and ≥ 35,000 for all
others) …
– if the in situ measured drive current is the same or
lower
AND
– if the in situ measured TMP for the module/array is
the same or lower
… than the LM-80 test report provided for the
module/array.
83

Sample LM-80 Test Report

L70

Courtesy of LRC

84

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Quality Assurance Testing
• Products selected both on a random basis and
through a product nomination process.
• (3) samples of each luminaire purchased
through normal market channels.
• Products tested for:
– Total Luminous Flux
– Luminaire Efficacy
– Correlated Color Temperature
– Color Rendering Index
– Steady State Module/Array Temperature
– Maximum Power Supply Case/TMP Temperature 85

Commercially Available LED
Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER)
Program

86

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Purposes of CALiPER
• Provide objective, high quality performance information
• Know performance of market available products
– To support R & D planning
– To support ENERGY STAR
• Inform industry test procedures and
standards development
• Discourage low quality products
• Reduce SSL market risk due to buyer
dissatisfaction from products that
do not perform as claimed
87

Testing Program Scope

Commercially-available
SSL products for the
general illumination market
• Luminaires and replacement
lamps (white light)
• Indoor and outdoor
• Residential and commercial

88

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SSL Luminaire Testing

SSL energy efficiency is a • Must measure luminaire
function of: as a complete system
• Uses ‘absolute
photometry’ rather than
‘relative photometry’
LED device Thermal • Based on IESNA draft
efficacy
+ management standard LM-79
– Photometric testing
methods under
development
• Stakeholders are not all
Luminaire Driver/power familiar with these new
design + supply efficiency + testing paradigms

89

Testing Program Quarterly Process
• Product selection & acquisition
• Multiple independent test labs
• Assembly and analysis of results
– Courtesy sharing of results with
manufacturers
– Retesting options
• Publication of results
– Summary reports
– Detailed test reports
– Analyses and studies
• “No Commercial Use” Policy

90

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Testing Rounds 1-4 Results

• 70+ products tested
• Focus: overall
luminaire
performance
• Wide range in
products & results

91

SSL Downlight Performance

Range of Output and CCT of SSL Downlight Products
Correlated Color
800 – Different sizes and
Output (Lumens)

Temperature (CCT)
600 2650-3000K configurations
400 3200-3500K – Different color
200 4000-4500K temperatures
0 5900-8000K – Outputs
4” 3W

6” 6W

30 W

0W
R 16W
6” 11W

R 12W

6” 14W

W

30 W

W
R 9W

W

x7 7W

W

• From 29 to 719 lumens
-9

-9

x7 15

6

Tr - 31
15

Tunable
-1

-4
-1
-

-

-
ø

ø

ø

-

-

-
-

"-

"-
30

ø

ø

ø

ø

k
30

30
2”

.5

• 389 lumens on
ac
R

6”

6”
R

7"
PA
5"

average
7.

– Efficacies
Range of Efficacy of SSL Downlight Products • From 11 to 61 lm/W
• 28 lm/W on average
Efficacy (lumens/W)

70
60 Best = 61 lm/W
50 – CRI
40
• Maximum = 95
30 Average = 28 lm/W
20 • Average = 76
10 Worst = 11 lm/W
0
• 3 RGB products
W

W

W

R 16W

0W
1W

2W

W

W
W

W

4W

R 16W

W
x7 7W
-3

-6

-9

-9

-9

x7 15

Tr - 31
15
-1

-1

-1

-4
-1
ø

ø

ø

-
"-

-

"-
30

30

ø

ø

ø

ø

k
30

30

30
2”

4”

6”

.5

ac
R

R

6”

6”

6”

6”
R

7"
PA
5"
7.

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Downlight Benchmarking

Downlight Comparison:
Luminaire Output vs Efficacy for Different Sources

1200 Incandescents & Halogens SSL Downlight Fixtures and
Light Output (lumens)

Retrofits, 3-40W
1000
CFL SSL SSL R30 Replacement Lamps, 9-
800 17W

Downlights with Incandescent BR
600 and A-lamps, 45-75W

400 Downlights with Halogen PAR38
(FL and IR) Lamps, 50-60W
200 Downlights with CFLs (spiral, pin, &
reflector), 9-21W
0
0 20 40 60 80
Efficacy (Lumens/Watts)

--Values for SSL downlight products are from CALiPER testing.
--Values for CFL and incandescents are assembled from CALiPER testing, earlier photometric testing and product catalogs.
--Fixture efficiencies are applied to replacement lamp values (factor depends on lamp type).
93

Round 4 Replacement Lamps

• T8: Look for direct comparisons with fluorescents in troffers in Round 5
– Respectable performance (42 lm/W), but misleading manufacturer literature
• MR16: not quite competing with 20W Halogen MR16 Flood (40° beam angle)
– ↑ Efficacy: SSL-MR16 @ 16-27 lm/W > 20W Halogen flood @ 9-19 lm/W
– ↓ Output: SSL-MR16 @ 75-133 lm < 20W Halogen flood @ 200-450 lm
– ↓ CBCP: SSL-MR16 @ 59-283 cd << 20W Halogen flood @ ~500 cd
• Candelabra: Low wattage level, advantage or disadvantage?
– No comparably small wattage incandescent products
– CFL 5W candelabra rated at 200 lm (40 lm/W), Halogen 25W rated at 280 lm (11 lm/W)

Replacement Lamps Power Output Efficacy CCT CRI
SSL T8 07-56 25 1058 42 3494 75
SSL MR16, CBCP=283 07-53 3 82 27 3007 74
SSL MR16, CBCP=220 07-59 9 133 16 3338 89
SSL MR16, CBCP=59 07-64 3 75 26 3458 74
SSL Candelabra 07-57 2.2 28 13 2855 71

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SSL Task Lamp Performance

SSL Task Lights Task lamps tested CFL & Halogen Task Lights
60 • 6 SSL 60

undercabinets, 11
50 SSL desk lamps 50

• 3 fluorescent tube
undercabinets, 2
EFFICACY (lm/W)

EFFICACY (lm/W)
40 40

CFL desk lamps
30 • 1 halogen desk lamp 30

SSL undercabinets
20 20
• Perform as well or
better than
10
fluorescent 10

undercabinets
0 0

Measured Effective
SSL desk lamps Measured Effective
Luminaire Efficacy • One SSL desk lamp Luminaire Efficacy
Efficacy 3 hours on/day rivals CFL energy Efficacy 3 hours on/day

star desk lamp
• Off-state power use Fluorescent Undercabinets
SSL Undercabinets
ranges from 0 W to
SSL Desk Lamps 2.6 W, reducing CFL Desk Lamps
efficacy Halogen Desk Lamps
95

Round 4 Direct Comparisons

Same Recessed Wall Fixture, Different Sources
Halogen (20W) CFL (13W) LED (12W)
Luminaire Output (lm) 174 199 154
Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W) 8 16 10
CCT 3085 3956 5166
CRI 98 77 73
Power Factor 0.99 0.97 0.97

Manufacturer Published Values
Recessed Wall Manufacturer Efficacy Calculated CALiPER Measured
Brochure Output from Manufacturer Luminaire Efficacy
Fixture “Lumens” IES files (lumens/W)
(lumens/W)

Halogen (20W) 350 8 8
CFL (13W) 900 19 16
LED (12W) 195 5 10
96

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Rounds 1-4 Key Conclusions
• Results include a wide range of products with a
wide range of performance.
– Be careful not to generalize.
• Product literature not always consistent, not always
reliable
– Be informed. Request luminaire testing results.

Round 1-4 products designed from 2005-2007, showing some
now clearly rival traditional sources

Great promise for upcoming
generation of SSL luminaires

97

More Info on CALiPER
• Via website
– Summary reports
– Detailed reports
• Must be requested via web
form
• Requestor’s contact information
must be provided
• Must agree to adhere to ‘No
Commercial Use Policy’

http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/comm_testing.htm

PNNL-SA-58822 98

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Questions YOU Should Ask if you are
considering LED Lighting
• Show me the lumens!
• Ask for test reports (LM-79,
LM-80, etc.)
• Is blue is the new white?
• Ask how they manage heat
• Is your product ENERGY
STAR® labeled?
• You want how much for that
thing? 99

DOE Solid-State Lighting Website

• Current information
on SSL program,
progress, and events
• SSL publications:
roadmaps, reports,
technical fact sheets
• Solicitations
• Register for ongoing
SSL UPDATES at:
www.netl.doe.gov/ssl

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DOE
Fact
Sheets

101

Fact Sheets
• Application series:
– Recessed
– Undercabinet
– Portable desk/task
• Luminaire efficacy
• SSL Standards
• What other topics
would you like to
see?

102

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Questions?

Jeff McCullough
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(509) 375-6317
jeff.mccullough@pnl.gov

DOE SSL Website: www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/

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LEDs – The Future of Lighting

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