2. Wide Aperture Small f # “Open” Shallow depth of field Faster shutter speed Narrow or small Aperture Large f # “Stopped down” “Closed down” Greater depth of field Slower shutter speed

3. Modern Camera Lenses are actually comprised of “groups” of individual lenses, or “elements.” These elements work together to form a compound lens, with its own traits and characteristics.

4. Characteristics & qualities of lenses Focal Length Speed Angle of View Macro Auto-Focus Image Stabilized Undesirable traits of a lens Distortion Aberration Chromatic Aberration Vignette (drop off) Flare

5. Simple Converging (Convex) Lens

6. Focal Length Lens Axis F (Focal Point) F (Focal Point)

7. All light that enters a lens parallel to the lens axis (collimated) is refracted at such an angle that it passes through the focal point.

11. Light that enters the lens after passing through the focal point, leaves the lens parallel to the lens axis.

12. Light that enters the lens parallel to the axis leaves the lens at angle that sends it through the focal point behind the lens.

13. Light that enters the lens and passes through the exact center of the lens is (relatively) undisturbed in it’s trajectory.

17. Object at or inside focal point of lens, no image can be formed.

18. Simple Diverging (Concave) Lens

19. Forms a Virtual Image, as opposed to a Real Image.

20. When an image is formed, it is a round image, the periphery of which is called the Image Circle. The film , or sensor, must fit entirely inside this circle, or vignetting and image fall-off will occur.

22. Scene

23. Scene Film

24. Film

25. Film Print

26. Scene Film Print

27. Color Negative film works in a similar fashion, but with 3 separate sensitive layers: Red sensitive layer forms Cyan dye according to quantity of Red light. Green sensitive layer forms Magenta dye according to quantity of Green light. Blue sensitive layer forms Yellow dye according to quantity of Yellow light. Photography dwells in the world of ADDITIVE COLOR, wherein the primary colors are Red, Green, and Blue. This as opposed to SUBTRACTIVE COLOR, wherein the primary colors are Red, Yellow, and Blue. Color Transparency film forms a negative image as with B&W, but it also has a secondary development step in processing during which a POSITIVE dye image is formed in response to the negative image created through exposure and first development.