Development of palate, tongue, maxilla and mandible

1. Presented By,
Dr.AldrinJerry.J
(First Year Post Graduate)
Department of Oral Pathology

2. Content
Introduction
Terminologies
Pharyngeal Arch
Early Oro-facial structures
Development of Palate
Primary palate formation
Secondary palate formation
Developmental defect of Palate
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

3. Development of Tongue
Formation of Anterior 2/3rd of the Tongue
Formation of Posterior 1/3rd of the Tongue
Developmental defect of Tongue
Development of Mandible
Formation of mandible
Development Of Maxilla
Formation of maxilla
Development of TMJ
Developmental defect of maxilla and mandible
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

4. INTRODUCTION
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

5. Development?
“Process of maturation”
All naturally occurring unidirectional changes in the life of
an individual from its existence as a single cell to its
elaboration as a multifunctional unit terminating to death.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

6. Developing Oral cavity
(text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
•Stomatodeum delimited by,
frontal prominence-rostrally &
cardiac bulge-caudally
•Buccopharyngeal membrane
breaks down & communicate
directly with foregut
•Laterally stomatodeum limited
by the first pair of pharyngeal
arch forms in the pharyngeal
wall result of proliferating
mesoderm and reinforcement by
migrating neural crest cells
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

7. THE PHARYNGEAL ARCH
or BRANCHIAL ARCH
 6 cylindrical thickenings
forms(5,6 transient)
 That expand from lateral
wall of pharynx to their
anatomical counterpart
 Separates primitive
stomatodeum from
developing heart.
(text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

8. Pharyngeal Apparatus include:
-Pharyngeal pouches
(endoderm)
- Branchial grooves
(ectoderm)
(text book of Maji Jose,ORAL BIOLOGY )
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

9. ARCH GROOVE POUCH
First 1.Mandible and Maxilla
2.Meckle’s cartilage
a.Incus and malleus of inner
ear
b.Sphenomalleolar ligament
c.Sphenomandibular ligament
1.External auditory
meatus
2.Tympanic membrane
3.Tympanic cavity
4.Mastiod antrum
5.Eustachian tube
Second 1.Reichert’s cartilage:
a.Styloid process of temporal
bone
b.Styloid ligament
c.Lesser horns of hyoid bone
d.Upper part of the body of
the hyoid bone
Obliterated by down
growth of the second arch
1.Largely Obliterated
2.Contributes to tonsil
Third 1.Lower part of the body
of the hyoid bone
2.Greater horns of the
hyoid bone
Inferior parathyroid gland
Thymus
Fourth 1.Cartilage of the larynx Superior parathyroid
gland
Ultimobranchial body
Fifth & Sixth Transient Transient Transient
Derivatives of Branchial Arch system
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

10. ARCH NERVE INTERVENTION OF
BLOOD VESSELS
FIRST Mandibular(and maxillary)
division of the trigeminal
nerve(v)
First aortic arch
SECOND Facial(vii) Second aortic arch
THIRD Glossopharyngeal(ix) Third aortic arch
FOURTH vagus Fourth aortic arch
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

11. DERIVATIVES OF SKELETAL
ELEMENTS:
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

12. (text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
Early Oro-Facial development
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

13. Time table of events described in this seminar
Tongue formation begins at 4th week of embryo
Palate formation begins 5th week of embryo
Mandible 6th week of embryo
Maxilla 7th week of embryo
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

14. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

15. What is Palate?
The palate is the tissue that interposes between the oral & nasal cavities
it develops from two parts
The Primary Palate
The Secondary Palate
Development of palate 5 to 9
weeks of embryo.
(text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

16. Development Of The Primary Palate :
•Fusion of the two medial process
with the fronto nasal process results
in the formation of primary palate.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

17. Development of Secondary Palate:
The formation of secondary palate commences between 7 and 8
weeks and completes around the 3rd month of the gestation.
Three outgrowth appear in the oral cavity
1. The two palatal process
2. The nasal septum
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

18. (text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
-Each palatal process grows downwards
first then upwards after the withdrawal
of tongue(7th week)
-septum and the two shelves converges
and fuse in the midline
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

19. (text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)
-The closure of the secondary palate
proceeds gradually form the primary
palate in a posterior direction.
-Epithelial seam formed by the
adhesion of palatine shelves is lost due
to growth of palate and form
ectomesenchymal continuity
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

20. Developmental defect of palate
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

22. What is Tongue?
Largest single muscular organ inside the oral cavity, which
lies relatively free. Tongue develops in relation to the
pharyngeal arches.
It develops from two parts, they are
•formation of anterior 2/3rd of the tongue
•formation of posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

23. Formation of anterior 2/3rd of the tongue:
•Tuberculum Impar: first a swelling arises
in the midline of the mandibular process.
And is flanked by two other swellings
•Lingual Swelling: The lateral part of the
mandibular process mesenchymal
thickening develops to form two lingual
swellings.
•Swellings merges with each other and
forms the mucous membrane of ant 2/3rd
of the tongue
(text book of Inderbir Singh ,8th edition,
G P Pal,HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

24. Formation of anterior 2/3rd of the tongue:
•These lateral swelling quickly enlarge
and merge with each other and the
tuberculum impar to form a large mass
from which mucous membrane of the
anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is formed.
•Ant 2/3rd is supplied by Trigeminal
nerve
(text book of Inderbir Singh ,8th edition,
G P Pal,HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

25. Formation of posterior 1/3rd of the tongue:
•Root of the tongue arises from
large midline swelling develops
from mesenchyme of 2nd,3rd and 4th
arches. Consist of ,
1. Copula (associated with 2nd
arch)
2. A large hypobranchial
eminence (associated by 3,4th
acrh)
(text book of Inderbir Singh,8th edition,
G P Pal,HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

26. •Hypobranchial eminence
overgrows the copula
•The tongue separates from the
floor of the mouth by a down-
growth of ectoderm around its
periphery, which degenerates to
form lingual sulcus and gives the
tongue mobility.
•Post 1/3rd is supplied by
glossopharyngeal nerve
(text book of Maji Jose,1st edition,
ORAL BIOLOGY)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

27. •Muscle of the tongue have a
different origin, they arises from
the occipital somites, which have
migrated forward in to the tongue
area, carrying with them their
nerve supply hypoglossal nerve
(text book of Ten Cate’s,7th edition,ORAL HISTOLOGY)Dr.Aldrin Jerry

28. Taste Bud;
•A specialized receptor that occurs only in the oral cavity and
pharynx is called taste bud.
•Most of them found in fungiform papilla, foliate and circumvallate
papilla.
•Barrel shaped structure composed of 30 to 80 spindle shaped cells
•Communicate with surface through a small opening called taste
pore
•Cells divided in to type1(light), type2(dark), type3(intermediate)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

29. Taste stimuli:
•Generated by the adsorption of molecules on to the membrane
receptors on the surface of the taste bud cells, which activates a
signaling cascade mediated by membrane associated proteins such
as transucin and gustducin.
•The change in membrane polarization that follows stimulate
release of transmitter substances, which in turn stimulate
unmyelinated afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve that
surrounds the lower half of the taste bud.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

30. Papillae:
Small nipple or hair-like structure on the upper surface of the
tongue that give the tongue its characteristics rough texture.
Types:
•Fungiform Papillae
•Filliform Papillae
•Foliate Papillae
•Circumvallate Papillae
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

31. Fungiform Papillae:
•Anterior portion of the tongue (look like fungi)
•Scattered between the numerous filifom papillae at the tip of
the tongue
•Smooth, round structure appears red(because of highly
vascular connective tissue core, visible through a thin, non
keratinized covering epithellium)
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

32. Filiform Papillae:
•covers entire anterior part of the tongue
•Cone shaped structures each with a core of connective tissue
covered by a thick keratinized epithelium
•Together form a tough abrasive surface that is involving in
compressing and breaking food when tongue is opposed to the hard
palate
•The dorsal mucosa of the tongue function as masticatory mucosa
•Buildup of keratin results in elongation of the filiform papillae.The
dorsum of the tongue then has a hairy appearance called hairy
tongue
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

33. Foliate papillae:
•Sometimes present on the lateral margins of the posterior
part of the tongue
•Pink,consist of 4 to 11 parallel ridges that alternate with
deep grooves in the mucosa and few taste buds are present in
the epithelium of the lateral walls of the ridges
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

34. Cirumvallate Papillae:
•Adjacent and Anterior to the sulcus terminalis are 8 to 12
papillae
•Large structure, each surrounded by a deep, circular groove
in to which open the duct of minor salivary gland
•Have connective tissue core that covered on the superior
surface by a keratinized epithelium
•The epithelium covering lateral walls is non-keratinized and
contains taste buds
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

35. Developmental Defect of Tongue:
•Macroglossia: Tongue size is too large
•Microglossia: Tongue size is too small
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Dr.Aldrin Jerry

36. •Aglossia: tongue is absent
•Bifid tongue:non fusion of the two lingual swellings
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=1&start=0&ndsp=12Dr.Aldrin Jerry

37. •Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie: The apical part of the tongue attached to
the floor of the mouth.
•Ankyloglossia Superior: Occasinally rare condition, the tongue may be
adherent to the palate.
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Dr.Aldrin Jerry

38. •A red rombhoid shaped smooth zone may be present on the tongue in
front of the foramen caecum. It is considered to be the result of
persistence to the tuberculum impar.
•The surface of the tongue may show fissures.
(Text book of Shafer’s ORAL PATHOLOGY,7th edition)
(Text book of Shafer’s ORAL PATHOLOGY,7th edition)Dr.Aldrin Jerry

39. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

40. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

41. Formed by both intramembranous and cartilaginous
•Body and ramus are derived from intramembranous ossification
•Coronoid process, condylar process and mental process develop
from cartilage
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

42. •On the lateral aspect of Meckel’s
cartilage during 6th week, a
condensation of mesenchyme
appears.
•At 7 weeks, intramembranous
ossification starts.
•The two cartilages do not meet at
the midline but are separated by a
thin line of cartilage symphysis
•Forms lateral and medial plate
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

43. •On the lateral aspect of this
symphysis – a condensation of
mesenchyme forms
•At 7 weeks intramembranous
ossification begins in this
mesenchyme and spreads anteriorly
and posteriorly to form the bone of
the mandible
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

44. •Then spreads anteriorly to the
midline of the developing lower jaw –
the bones do not fuse at the midline –
mandibular symphysis forms (from
meckel’s cartilage)
•Which fuses shortly after birth
•The ramus develops from rapid
ossification posteriorly into the
mesenchyme of the first arch
diverging away from meckel’s
cartilage. This point of divergence is
marked by the mandibular foramen.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

45. •Secondary cartilage:
condylar,coronoid,symphyseal
•Wedge-shaped nucleus in the
condylar process and extending
downward through the ramus.
•Small strip along the anterior
border of the coronoid process.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

46. The condylar cartilage appears in
the region of the condyle and
occupies most of the developing
ramus. It is rapidly converted to
bone by endochondral ossification
(14th. WIU) it gives rise to:
-Condyle head and neck of the
mandible.
The posterior half of the ramus to
the level of inferior dental foramen.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

47. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

48. •Develops from centre of ossification in the mesenchyme of
maxillary process of 1st arch.
•No arch cartilage is formed, but associated closely with
cartilage of nasal capsule.
•Bone formation spreads,
Ant- to future incisors
Post-below the orbit towards
developing zygoma
Superiorly-frontal process
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

49. •Due to ossification a boney trough is forms for infra orbital
nerve.
•From this trough a downward extension of bone forms
lateral alveolar plate in relation to tooth germs.
•Spreads palatine to form hard palate.
•Medial alveolar plate is formed by the junction of palatal
process and main body of maxilla.
•Trough of bone which formed aroung the tooth germ
enclosed by boney crypt.
•Secondary Cartilage: zygomatic or malar cartilage.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

50. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

51. TMJ:
Articulation between two bones(temporal and mandible)
Temporal blastema-dev from otic capsule of basicranium.
Condylar blastema- dev from Secondary cartilage.
Before the dev of Condylar process, broadband of
undifferentiated mesenchyme exsits between developing
ramus of mandible and squamous of tympanic bone.
Later condylar cartilage is formed.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

52. Mesenchyme reduced rapidly in width due to dev of
condylar process.
Converted to dense strip of mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme immediately adjacent to strip breaks down
forms joint cavity.
Strip forms articular disk.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

53. Dr.Aldrin Jerry

54. Micrognathia
Small jaw size
Agnathia
Total failure of development
Microstomia
Excess fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes may result
in microstomia.
Macrostomia
Inadequate fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes with
each other may lead to an abnormally wide mouth. Lack of fusion
may be unilateral leading to lateral facial cleft.
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

55. Oblique Facial Clefts
failure of maxillary
prominence to fuse
corresponding lateral nasal
processes.
Midline mandibular cleft
-Persistance of furrow
between 2 mandibular
prominences
-Rare condition
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

56. Treacher-Collins Syndrome (mandibulofacial
dyostosis)
1)Abnormal external, middle and inner ear
2)Malar and mandibular hypoplasia
3)Lower eyelid defects
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

57. Full facial development does not
occur because neural crest cells fail
to migrate properly to the facial
region.
FEATURES
•Face is ‘bird’ or ‘fish’ like
•Hypoplasia of facial bones,esp of
malar bones and mandible
•Malformation of external ear
•Macrostomia
•High Palate
•Anti mongoloid palpebral fissures
•Other anomalies like facial clefts
and skeletal deformities
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

58. Pierre Robin Syndrome
1)Mandibular hypoplasia
2)Cleft palate
3)Eye and ear defects
Dr.Aldrin Jerry

59. Dr.Aldrin Jerry