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2. What is Ethanol ?
• Ethanol is an organic compound. It is an alcohol
with the chemical formula C₂H₆O. Its formula
can also be written as CH₃−CH₂−OH or
C₂H₅OH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable,
colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like
odor and pungent taste. It is a psychoactive
recreational drug, and the active ingredient in
alcoholic drinks.
• Ethanol is one of the most common biofuels and
is made by fermenting the sugars from plants
such as corn or sugarcane. Ethanol contains
oxygen that helps a car’s engine burn fuel more
efficiently, reducing air pollution.
5. How is ethanol made?
• Ethanol is made through a four-step process:
• The ethanol feedstock (crops or plants) are ground up for
easier processing;
• Sugar is dissolved from the ground material, or the starch
or cellulose is converted into sugar;
• Microbes such as yeast or bacteria feed on the sugar,
producing ethanol in a process called fermentation; and
• The ethanol is distilled to achieve a high concentration.
6.
7. Production Methods of Ethanol
• Ethanol is produced by fermentation. When certain species of
yeast, most importantly, Saccharomyces cervisiae, metabolize
sugar in the absence of oxygen and produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide. The chemical equation below summarizes the conversion
• Ethanol's toxicity to yeast limits the ethanol concentration
obtainable by brewing. The most ethanol-tolerant strains of yeast
can survive up to approximately 15% ethanol by volume.
• The fermentation process must exclude oxygen. If oxygen is
present, yeast undergo aerobic respiration which produces carbon
dioxide and water rather than ethanol.
8. Production Process
The ethanol manufacturers in India follow two
main ways of ethanol production,
• As a petrochemical, by hydration of ethylene:
where a mixture of ethylene and steam is passed
over an acidic catalyst under high pressure and
temperature
• Through a biological process by fermenting sugars
with yeast, where typically raw materials like
sugarcane and maize go through fermentation and
distillation to yield ethanol.
10. Ethanol Manufacturers in India
1) Bajaj Hindusthan Ltd
2) Balarampur Chinni Mills Ltd
3) Dalmia Bharat Sugar and Industries Ltd
4) Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd
5) Triveni Engineering and Sugar Industries
11. Benefits of ethanol
• It is proven to reduce combustion
emissions.
• It creates byproducts that are also
useable.
• It can often use our existing
infrastructure.
• It is a fuel that is energy balanced.
• It doesn’t need to be made from just
corn.
12. Disadvantages of Ethanol
• It isn’t as effective a fuel as traditional
gasoline.
• It is a corrosive fuel.
• It requires a lot of cropland space.
• It is costly.
• Its use has resulted in a net emissions
increase.
• It has altered food production principles.
• It is reliant on the quality of the growing
season.
13. What are the drawbacks of ethanol as fuel?
• There are several drawbacks to using ethanol as a
biofuel. Compared to petroleum-based gasoline,
ethanol is a less effective fuel.
• It takes up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate
the mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide .
• Ethanol is also a corrosive fuel .
• Additionally, producing ethanol requires a lot of
cropland space which could be used to grow food
for ourselves or for livestock
14. Ethanol Consumption in India: Share
by End-Use (FY21)
Usage Category Share in (%)
Industrial Solvent 35%
Fuel and Fuel Additive 30%
Beverages 25%
Disinfectant 4%
Others 6%
Total (100%)
15. Conclusion
• The real sugary twist to the ethanol producing
companies in India is the recent focus on ethanol as a petrol
additive.
• The high crude prices have speeded up the ethanol addition
plan, which is currently around 8% to a litre of petrol.
However, the government is actively working towards
increasing the level to 12% shortly and ultimately to about
20% (to a litre).
• Necessary policy support will help
the ethanol manufacturers in India to ramp up production
soon. But, more importantly, the challenges faced by the
industry in terms of excess sugar production will
automatically be taken care of by this move.
