Building Applications with a Graph Database

Building Applications
with a Graph Database
Tobias Lindaaker
Software Developer @ Neo Technology
twitter:! @thobe / @neo4j / #neo4j
email:! tobias@neotechnology.com
web:! http://neo4j.org/
web:! http://thobe.org/
CON6484

What you’ll face
๏Modeling your domain
๏Choosing your
deployment model
๏Deploying and maintaining
your application and DB
๏Evolving your application
and your domain
2Most things are Surprisingly Familiar

Introducing the sample Application
3

Neo Technology Test Lab
4
๏One-Stop place for QA
•Real World cluster tests
•Benchmarks
•Charting
•Statistics
‣Uses HdrHistogram
http://giltene.github.io/HdrHistogram/
•Integrated Log analysis
‣GC logs and App logs
๏Click-and-go cluster deployment

5
๏2 perpetual servers
•1 database server
(could be extended to a
cluster for high availability)
•1 “Test Lab Manager”
‣Manages clusters and test
executions
‣Serves up the UI
๏Data-centric HTTP API
๏UI in pure javascript,
static ﬁles,
client-side rendering

6
๏All state in DB, allows for
multiple Manager instances,
greatly simpliﬁes redeploy:
1. Start new instance for the
new manager
2. Verify that the new manager
works properly
3. Re-bind elastic IP to new
instance
4. Terminate old instance
๏No downtime on redeploy

7
๏Cute but useful:
Single click to SSH into a
cluster server in the browser
๏VT100 emulator in JavaScript
๏Uses com.jcraft:jsch to let the
manager connect to the server
•(only) the manager has the
private key to the servers
๏Tunnel terminal connection
through WebSocket
๏Really useful for introspection
Why did installation fail?

Analysis of requirements
๏UI for reporting and overview of activity
๏Easy to use & Easy to extend
๏API for triggering real world cluster tests from the CI system
๏Eat our own dog food
•Use Neo4j for storage needs
•Use our Cloud hosting solution
๏Make costs visible
๏Strong desire not to own hardware
8

Data storage/retrieval requirements
๏Store all meta-data about tests and their outcome
•The actual result data can be raw ﬁles
๏All entities can have arbitrary events attached
these should always be fetched,
used to determine state of the entity
๏Minimize the number of round-trips made to the database
Each action should preferably be only one DB call
9

An overview of Cypher
11
๏START - the node(s) your query starts from - Not needed in Neo4j 2.0
๏MATCH - the pattern to follow from the start point(s)
this expands your search space
๏WHERE - ﬁlter instances of the pattern
this reduces your search space
๏RETURN - create a result projection
of each matching instance of the pattern
๏Patterns are described using ASCII-art
•(me)-[:FRIEND]-()-[:FRIEND]-(my_foaf)
(me)-[:LIKES]->()<-[:LIKES]-(foaf)
// ﬁnd friends of my friends that share an interest with me
The basics in one slide

An overview of Cypher
12
๏CREATE - create nodes and relationships based on a pattern
๏SET - assign properties to nodes and relationships
๏DELETE - delete nodes or relationships
๏CREATE UNIQUE - as CREATE, but only if no match is found
•being superseded by MERGE in Neo4j 2.0
๏FOREACH - perform update operation for each item in a collection
Creates and Updates

Some more advanced Cypher
๏WITH - start a sub-query, carrying over only the declared variables
Similar format to return, allows the same kinds of projections
๏ORDER BY - sort the matching pattern instances by a property
Used in WITH or RETURN.
๏SKIP and LIMIT - page through results, used with ORDER BY.
๏Aggregation
•COLLECT - turn a part of a pattern instance into a collection of
that part for each matching pattern instance
Comparable to SQLs GROUP BY.
•SUM - summarize an expression for each match (like in SQL)
•AVG, MIN, MAX, and COUNT - as in SQL
13

Domain modeling guideline
15
๏Query first
๏Whiteboard first
๏Examples first
๏Redundancy - avoid
๏Thank You
Look at the top left of your keyboard!

Query First
16
๏Create the model to satisfy your queries
๏Do not attempt to mirror the real world
•You might do that, but it is not a goal in itself
๏Start by writing down the queries you need to satisfy
•Write using natural language
•Then analyze and formalize
๏Now you are ready to draw the model...

Example ﬁrst
18
๏Draw one or more examples of entities in your domain
๏Do not leap straight to UML or other archetypical models
๏Once you have a few examples you can draw the model
(unless it is already clear from the examples)

Redundancy - avoid
19
๏Relationships are bi-directional,
avoid creating “inverse” relationships
๏Don’t connect each node of a certain “type” to some node that
represents that type
•Leads to unnecessary bottle necks
•Use the path you reached a node through to know its type
•Use labels to ﬁnd start points
‣and for deciding type dynamically if multiple are possible
๏Avoid materializing information that can be inferred
•Don’t add FRIEND_OF_A_FRIEND relationships,
when you have FRIEND relationships

Method
1. Identify application/end-user goals
2. Figure out what questions to ask of the domain
3. Identify entities in each question
4. Identify relationships between entities in each question
5. Convert entities and relationships to paths
- These become the basis of the data model
6. Express questions as graph patterns
- These become the basis for queries
21
Thanks to Ian Robinson

1.Application/End-User Goals
22
As an employee
I want to know who in thecompany has similar skills tome
So that we can exchangeknowledge

2. Questions to ask of the Domain
23
Which people, who work for the same
company as me, have similar skills to me?
As an employee
I want to know who in thecompany has similar skills tome
So that we can exchangeknowledge

3. Identify Entities
24
•Person
•Company
•Skill

4. Identify Relationships Between Entities
25
•Person WORKS FOR Company
•Person HAS SKILL Skill

5. Convert to Cypher Paths
26

26
NodeNode
Node Node

26
Relationship
NodeNode Relationship
Node Node

26
(:Person)-[:WORKS_FOR]->(:Company),
(:Person)-[:HAS_SKILL]->(:Skill)
Relationship
Node Node

26
Relationship
Node Node
Label Label
Label Label

26
Relationship
Node Node
Label Label
Label Label
Relationship Type
Relationship Type

Consolidate Pattern
(:Company)<-[:WORKS_FOR]-(:Person)-[:HAS_SKILL]->(:Skill)
27
Person SkillCompany
WORKS_FOR HAS_SKILL

Candidate Data Model
(:Company)<-[:WORKS_FOR]-(:Person)-[:HAS_SKILL]->(:Skill)
28
name:
Neo4j
name:
Ian
name:
ACME
Person
Company
WORKS_FOR
HAS_SKILL
name:
Jacob
Person
name:
Tobias
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R W
O
RKS_FO
R
name:
Scala
name:
Python
name:
C#
SkillSkillSkillSkill
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILLHAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL

6. Express Question as Graph Pattern
29
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL HAS_SKILL
Person

Cypher Query
MATCH (company)<-[:WORKS_FOR]-(me:Person)-[:HAS_SKILL]->(skill)
(company)<-[:WORKS_FOR]-(colleague)-[:HAS_SKILL]->(skill)
WHERE me.name = {name}
RETURN colleague.name AS name,
count(skill) AS score,
collect(skill.name) AS skills
ORDER BY score DESC
30
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL HAS_SKILL
Person

Cypher Query
ORDER BY score DESC
31
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL HAS_SKILL
Person
1. Graph pattern

Cypher Query
ORDER BY score DESC
32
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL HAS_SKILL
Person
1. Graph pattern
2. Filter, using index if available

Cypher Query
ORDER BY score DESC
33
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL HAS_SKILL
Person
1. Graph pattern
2. Filter, using index if available
3. Create projection of result

First Match
34
name:
Neo4j
name:
Ian
name:
ACME
Person
Company
WORKS_FOR
HAS_SKILL
name:
Jacob
Person
name:
Tobias
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R W
O
RKS_FO
R
name:
Scala
name:
Python
name:
C#
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILLHAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
ORKS_FOR
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
Person

Second Match
35
name:
Neo4j
name:
Ian
name:
ACME
Person
Company
WORKS_FOR
HAS_SKILL
name:
Jacob
Person
name:
Tobias
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R W
O
RKS_FO
R
name:
Scala
name:
Python
name:
C#
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILLHAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
ORKS_FOR
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
Person

Third Match
36
name:
Neo4j
name:
Ian
name:
ACME
Person
Company
WORKS_FOR
HAS_SKILL
name:
Jacob
Person
name:
Tobias
Person
W
O
RKS_FO
R W
O
RKS_FO
R
name:
Scala
name:
Python
name:
C#
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILLHAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
skill
company
Company
colleagueme
Person
W
ORKS_FOR
W
O
RKS_FO
R
Skill
HAS_SKILL
HAS_SKILL
Person

Ordered List of Entities
39
๏When
•Entities have a natural succession
•You need to traverse the sequence
๏You may need to identify the beginning or end
(ﬁrst/last, earliest/latest, etc.)
๏Examples
•Event stream
•Episodes of a TV series
•Job history

Example: Episodes in Doctor Who
40
title:
Robot
title:
The Ark in
Space
title:The
Sontaran
Experiment
title:
Genesis of
the Daleks
title:
Revenge of
the
Cybermen
NEXT NEXT NEXT NEXT NEXT NEXT
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION

40
title:
Robot
title:
The Ark in
Space
title:The
Sontaran
Experiment
title:
Genesis of
the Daleks
title:
Revenge of
the
Cybermen
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
๏Can interleave multiple lists with different semantics
Using different relationship types

40
title:
Robot
title:
The Ark in
Space
title:The
Sontaran
Experiment
title:
Genesis of
the Daleks
title:
Revenge of
the
Cybermen
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
season: 12
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
NEXT IN
PRODUCTION
LAST
FIRST
๏Can interleave multiple lists with different semantics
Using different relationship types
๏Can organize lists into groups by group nodes
season:
11
NEXT SEASON

Add to list
42
MATCH (test:Test{testId:{testId}})
MERGE (recents:Recent{type:"Test"})
CREATE (recents)-[:LAST_COMPLETED_TEST]->(test)
WITH recents, test
MATCH (recents)-[:LAST_COMPLETED_TEST]-> (test),
(previousTest)<-[previous:LAST_COMPLETED_TEST]-(recents)
DELETE previous
CREATE (test)-[:PREVIOUS_COMPLETED_TEST]->(previousTest)

Add to list
43
WITH recents, test
DELETE previous
// create the structure we want for the most recent one

Add to list
44
WITH recents, test
DELETE previous
// start a new sub-query, carrying through ‘recents’ and ‘test’
WITH recents, test

Add to list
45
WITH recents, test
DELETE previous
// matching the relationship we just created...
// ...ensures that ‘previous’ is a different relationship
// if there was no previous, this sub-query will match nothing

Add to list
46
WITH recents, test
DELETE previous
// re-link to the previousTest
DELETE previous

Add to list
47
WITH recents, test
// re-link to the previousTest
DELETE previous

Get 5 most recently completed tests
MATCH (recents:Recent{type:"Test"}),
(recents)-[:LAST_COMPLETED_TEST]->(last)
tests=(last)-[:PREVIOUS_COMPLETED_TEST*0..5]->()
WITH tests ORDER BY length(tests) DESC LIMIT 1
RETURN extract(test IN nodes(tests) : test.testId) AS testIds
48

Get 5 most recently completed tests
MATCH (recents:Recent{type:"Test"}),
(recents)-[:LAST_COMPLETED_TEST]->(last)
48
Get the next page of 5
MATCH (last:Test{testId={testId}})

Adding and Removing from Active Set
50
// Create cluster into active set
MATCH (clusters:ActiveSet{type:"Cluster"}),
(creator:User{userId:{userId}})
CREATE (clusters)-[:CLUSTER]->(cluster:Cluster{
clusterId: {clusterId},
clusterType: {clusterType}
}),
(cluster)-[:CREATED]->(:Event{timestamp:{creationDate}})
<-[:ACTION]-(creator)
// Destroy cluster (remove it from the active set)
MATCH (cluster:Cluster{clusterId:{clusterId}})<-[r:CLUSTER]-(),
(destroyer:User{userId:{userId}})
CREATE (cluster)-[:DESTROYED]->(:Event{timestamp:{destroyDate}})
<-[:ACTION]-(destroyer)
DELETE r

Entities and Events/Actions
51
๏Events/Actions often involve multiple parties
•Eg. the actor that caused the event, and the affected entity
๏Can include other circumstantial detail, which may be common to
multiple events
๏Examples:
•Patrick worked for Acme from 2001 to 2005 as a Software
Developer
•Sarah sent an email to Lucy, copying in David and Claire
๏In environments with concurrent updates,
events can be used to compute state
•No need to explicitly store state

Represent the Event/Action as a Node
52
name:
Patrick
from: 2001
to: 2005
title:
Software
Developer
name:
Acme
EMPLOYMENT
ROLE
COMPANY
name:
Sarah
subject: ...
content: ...
name:
Lucy
name:
Sarah
name:
Sarah
FROM TO
CC CC

Using Events to compute State
53
๏Every update of an entity adds an event to it
๏Every read query collects up all events for the entity
๏Entity state is computed in your (Java) code from the events
public class Cluster {
private final List<ClusterEvent> events;
public ClusterState getState() {
ClusterState state = ClusterState.AWAITING_LAUNCH;
for ( ClusterEvent event : events ) {
ClusterState candidate = event.impliedState();
if ( candidate.comparedTo( state ) > 0 )
state = candidate;
}
return state;
}
// ...
}

Repository pattern
54
๏Centralize your queries into one or a few places
๏Puts load logic (with translation from DB layer to App layer)
next to store logic (with the reverse transformation logic)
๏Simpliﬁes testing
•If you use Java, test with Embedded Neo4j.
Interact through Cypher (for the code under test)
Verify using the object graph API
๏Simpliﬁes model evolution - load/store & conversion encapsulated

Find all active clusters - Neo4j 2.0
MATCH (clusters:ActiveSet{type:"Cluster"})
(clusters)-[:CLUSTER]->(cluster),
(server)-[?:MEMBER_OF]->(cluster),
(server)-[e]->(event:Event),
(event)-[?]->(details)
WITH cluster, server, e, event, collect(details) as eventDetails
WITH cluster, server,
collect({ type: type(e),
data: event,
details: eventDetails }) as serverEvents
WITH cluster, collect({ server: server,
events: serverEvents }) as servers
MATCH (cluster)-[?:PARAMETERS]->(parameters),
(cluster)-[e]->(event:Event)<-[:ACTION]-(actor)
RETURN cluster, serverNodeIds, parameters,
data: event,
actor: actor} ) as events 55

data: event,
data: event,
(clusters)-[:CLUSTER]->(cluster), // each active cluster

data: event,
data: event,
(server)-[?:MEMBER_OF]->(cluster),// 0 or more servers
(server)-[e]->(event:Event),// any relationship to an Event
(event)-[?]->(details)// 0 or more details

data: event,
data: event,
// group by (cluster, server, e, event)
// A second WITH to do collect-of-collect
WITH cluster, server, // group by (cluster, server)
data: event,

data: event,
data: event,
// Group the servers (with events) for each cluster

data: event,
data: event,
// Find all events for this cluster

data: event,
data: event,
// Collect the events in three (aligned) collections
data: event,
actor: actor} ) as events

62
(clusters)-[:CLUSTER]->(cluster), // each active cluster
data: event,
data: event,
actor: actor} ) as events

Get Cluster by ID - Neo4j 2.0
data: event,
data: event,
MATCH (cluster{type:{clusterId}}) // match single cluster by ID

Query Code Management
•Queries will have similar fragments.
•Store fragments as String constants in code
•Concatenate on load time to get full queries
•Keep all queries static - constants from load time
•Use query parameters for the things that change
•Use repository pattern to encapsulate queries
64

Query Code Management
•Queries will have similar fragments.
•Store fragments as String constants in code
•Concatenate on load time to get full queries
•Keep all queries static - constants from load time
•Use query parameters for the things that change
•Use repository pattern to encapsulate queries
What you’ll gain
•Improves testability - all your queries are known and tested
•Improves security - no injections (parameters are values only)
•Improves performance - the query optimizer cache will love you
64

Domain modeling layers
66
Client model (or UI model)
Application model
Database model
๏Multiple abstraction layers
๏Allows evolving the layers
independently
•Client / UI
•Application / Business logic
•Database model
๏Specialize each layer for its purpose

Choosing your deployment model
68

First: choosing a database!
๏First choice: Model (Relational, Graph,
Document, ...)
๏Second choice: Vendor
•Neo4j - Market leader
•OrientDB - Document/Graph/SQL
•InﬁniteGraph - Objectivity as Graph
•DEX - spin off from research group
๏Different vendor, different query language:
•Cypher (Neo4j)
•Gremlin / Blueprints (tinkerpop) 69

Choosing your deployment model
70
๏Standalone DB with the Application as a
connecting client?
๏Database embedded in the Application?
๏Standalone DB with custom extensions?
๏Which client driver?
•Community developed? (endorsed)
•Roll your own?
•No “ofﬁcial” drivers (yet)

vs
๏Pros:
•Familiar deployment
•Code in any language
๏Cons:
•“Interpreted” queries
•Round-trip for algorithmic
queries
71
Standalone Embedded
๏Pros:
•Super fast
•Persistent,Transactional,
inﬁnite memory
๏Cons:
•Java Only
(any JVM language)
•Your App and the DB will
contend for GC

Standalone with custom extensions?
๏A tradeoff attempt to get the best of both worlds.
•Use Cypher for most queries
•Write extensions with custom queries
where performance is insufﬁcient
๏Requires you to write Java
(other JVM languages possible, but harder)
๏Trickier and more verbose API than writing Cypher
๏Can do algorithmic things (custom code) that Cypher cant
๏Better performance in many cases
•Cypher is constantly improving - the need is diminishing
๏Not supported by Neo4j Cloud hosting providers
๏Start with Standalone, add extensions when needed
72

Choosing a client driver
๏Spring Data Neo4j (by Neo Technology)
๏Neography (Ruby, by Max de Marzi, now at Neo Technology)
๏Neo4jPHP (PHP, by Josh Adell)
๏Neo4jClient (.NET, by Tatham Oddie and Romiko Derbynew)
๏Py2neo (Python, by Nigel Small)
๏Neocons (Clojure, by Michael Klishin)
๏and more: neo4j.org/develop/drivers
73

Quite simple to write your own...
๏Focus on the Cypher HTTP endpoint
๏Convert returned JSON to something convenient to work with
•I.e. convert Nodes & Relationships to maps of properties
๏Also need the indexing HTTP endpoint
•at least for Neo4j pre 2.0
๏Less than half a days effort, 1265 LOC (>50% test code)
74
public interface Cypher
{
CypherResult execute( CypherStatement statement )
throws CypherExecutionException;
void addToIndex( long nodeId, String indexName,
String propertyKey, String propertyValue )
void createNodeIfAbsent( String indexName,
String propertyKey, String propertyValue,
Map<String, Object> properties )
}
public class CypherStatement // Builder pattern
{
public CypherStatement( String... lines ) {...}
public CypherStatement withParameter(
String key, Object value ) {
...
return this;
}
}
Official client coming w/ Neo4j 2.{low}

The choices we made for our Test Lab
๏Use AWS
•Mainly for EC2, but once you have bought in to AWS there are a
lot of other services that will serve you well
‣SQS for sending work between servers
‣SNS for sending messages back to the manager
‣S3 for storing ﬁles (benchmark results, logs, et.c.)
๏Use Neo4j Cloud
•To have an app where we try it out ourselves
•Make backup and availability a separate concern
75

Deploying and maintaining
your application and DB
76

Operational Concerns
๏Backups
•Weekly full backups
•Daily incremental backups
•Keep logs for 48H (enable incremental backup even if a bit late)
•Why that frequency?
‣Fits the load schedule of most apps
‣Provides very good recovery ability
๏Monitoring
•JMX and Logback supported
•Notiﬁcations (e.g. Nagios) being worked on
77

Scaling Neo4j
78
๏Neo4j HA provides
•Fault tolerance by redundancy
•Read scalability by replication
•Writes at same levels as a single instance
๏Neo4j does not yet scale “horizontally”, i.e. shard automatically,
this is being worked on
•For reads your application can route queries for certain parts of
your domain to certain hosts, effectively “sharding” the cache
in Neo4j, keeping different data elements in RAM on different
machines

Modeling Entities as Relationships
80
๏Limits data model evolution
•A relationship connects two things
•Modeling an entity as a relationship prevents it from being
related to more than two things
๏Smells:
•Lots of attribute-like properties
•Use of relationships as starting point of queries
๏Entities hidden in verbs:
•E.g. emailed, reviewed

Example: Movie Reviews
81
name:
Tobias
name:
Jonas
title:
The Hobbit
title:
The Matrix
REVIEWED REVIEWED REVIEWED
text: This is the ...
source: amazon.com
date: 20100515
text: When I saw ...
source: imdb.com
date: 20121218
text: My brother and ...
source: ﬁlmreview.org
date: 20121218
Person Person
Movie Movie

New Requirement: Comment on Reviews
82
๏Allow users to comment on each others reivews
๏Not possible in this model, can’t connect a review to another entity
name:
Tobias
name:
Jonas
title:
The Hobbit
title:
The Matrix
REVIEWED REVIEWED REVIEWED
source: amazon.com
date: 20100515
source: imdb.com
date: 20121218
date: 20121218
Person Person
Movie Movie

Revised model
83
name:
Tobias
name:
Jonas
title:
The Hobbit
title:
The Matrix
Person Person
Movie Movie
source: amazon.com
date: 20100515
source: imdb.com
date: 20121218
date: 20121218
WROTE_REVIEW WROTE_REVIEW WROTE_REVIEW
REVIEW_OFREVIEW_OFREVIEW_OF
ReviewReviewReview

Evolving your application and your domain
84

Updating the domain model
85
๏Query ﬁrst,Whiteboard First, Examples ﬁrst...
๏Update your application domain model to support
both DB model versions
•Write the new version only
๏Test, test, test
๏Re-deploy
๏Run background job to update from old model version to new
•Can be as simple as a single query...
(but can also be more complex)
๏Remove support for old model
๏Re-deploy

Refactoring your graph
Deﬁnition
•Restructure graph without changing informational semantics
Reasons
•Improve design
•Enhance performance
•Accommodate new functionality
•Enable iterative and incremental development of data model
The common ones
•Convert a Property to a Node
•Convert a Relationship to a Node
86

Convert a Property to a Node
// find nodes that have the currency property
MATCH (t:Trade) WHERE has(t.currency)
// limit the size of the transaction
WITH t LIMIT {batchSize}
// find or create the (unique) node for this currency
MERGE (c:Currency{code:t.currency})
// create relationship to the currency node
CREATE (t)-[:CURRENCY]->(c)
// remove the property
REMOVE t.currency
// when the returned count is smaller then batchSize,
// you are done
RETURN count(t) AS numberRemoved
87

Convert a Relationship to a Node
// find emailed relationships
MATCH (a:User)-[r:EMAILED]->(b:User)
// limit the size of each transaction
WITH a, r, b LIMIT {batchSize}
// create a new node and relationships for it
CREATE (a)<-[:FROM]-(:Email{
content: r.content,
title: t.title
}) -[:TO]-> (b)
// delete the old relationship
DELETE r
// when the returned count is smaller then batchSize,
// you are done
RETURN count(r) AS numberDeleted
88

Neo4j 2.0
90
๏All about making it more convenient to model data
๏“Labels” for Nodes, enable you to model your types
๏Indexing performed by the database, automatically, based on Labels
๏Also adds user deﬁnable constraints, based on Labels
๏START clause is gone from Cypher,
instead MATCH uses the schema information from labels used in
your query to determine the best start points.

Migrating to 2.0
91
๏Test queries with new Neo4j version
•Explicitly specify Cypher version for queries that fail
(preﬁx with CYPHER 1.9 - this will work with existing db)
๏Redeploy app with queries known to work on both versions
๏Update the database - rolling with HA, downtime with single db
๏Very similar process for updating the domain model...
•Create schema for your domain
with indexes to replace your manual indexes
•Make your write-queries add labels
•Update all existing data: add labels
•Change reads to use MATCH with labels instead of START
•Drop old (manual) indexes

Building apps with Graph Databases
๏Model for your Queries, draw on a Whiteboard, using Examples,
avoid Redundancy, Thank You.
๏Use Cypher where possible,
write Java extensions if needed for performance
(frequently not needed - just update to next version)
๏Incremental modeling approach supported and pleasant!
๏Most Application Development Best Practices are the same!
๏Neo4j 2.0 makes modeling a whole lot nicer
•makes Cypher complete - no need to index manually!
93

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Building Applications with a Graph Database

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