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1. JIMMA UNIVERSITY
Institute Of Health Sciences
Public Health Faculty
Department Of Environmental Health Sciences & Technology
Environmental Policy And Law Assignment
Presenter: Thomas Ayalew (PhD Candidate)
Submitted to: Dessalegn Dadi (PhD, Assistance Professor)
March, 2019
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3.  Atmosphere
 Atmospheric composition
 Layers of the Atmosphere
 Atmospheric use
 Planetary Boundaries
 Greenhouse Effect
 Major Health hazards of air pollution
 There are four main steps in developing a control strategy
Out line
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4. ATMOSPHERE
 The atmosphere is a cloud of gas and
suspended solids extending from the
Earth's surface out many thousands of
miles, becoming increasingly thinner
with distance but always held by the
Earth's gravitational pull.
 The atmosphere is made up of layers
surrounding the earth that holds the air
we breath, protects us from outer
space, and holds moisture (clouds),
gases, and tiny particles.
 In short, the atmosphere is the
protective bubble we live in. 4

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6. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• Troposphere
- Lowest Layer
- This is where we live
- 8 to 12 miles in height
- Weather occurs
- Temp decreases with height
• Stratosphere
- Second lowest layer
- Temp increases with height
- Ozone (03) layer
- Absorbs most of the damaging
ultraviolet sunlight (UV-B)
• Mesosphere
- From ~30 to 53 miles up
- Temp decreases
- Majority of meteors burn up
• Thermosphere
- Upper atmosphere 53 to ~430
miles up
- Very few molecules
Ozone Layer
Still would feel cold
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7. ATMOSPHERIC SUB. USE
 Nitrogen= dilutes oxygen and
prevents rapid burning at the earth's
surface. Living things need it to make
proteins.
 Oxygen = used by all living things and
is essential for respiration. It is also
necessary for combustion or burning.
 Argon =used in light bulbs.
 Carbon dioxide = Plants use carbon
dioxide to make oxygen. Also acts as
a blanket and prevents the escape of
heat into outer space. 7

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9. Three major outdoor air pollution problems are:
industrial smog from burning coal,
SOx & PM
 photochemical smog from motor vehicle & industrial
emissions
NOx and VOCs
acid deposition from coal burning & motor vehicle
exhaust
What are the Major Air Pollution
Problems?
Outdoor & Indoor
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10. The most threatening indoor air pollutants are:
 smoke & soot from wood & coal fires
chemicals used in building materials &
products
dust & particulate matter
Cont.
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11. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Prevents heat loss mainly from convection (air movement carrying
away the heat)
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that
the Earth experiences because certain gases in the
atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous
oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from
the sun.
Without these gases, heat would escape back into
space and Earth’s average temperature would be
about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our
world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse
gases.
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12.  irritate your respiratory system,
 causing inflammation of the lungs
 reduce your lung function & making it harder to
breath
 aggravate asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
 asthma & lung cancer
 result in a hospital admission, increased medication
use, or, in especially sensitive people, even death
Major Health hazards of air pollution
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13. 1. Determine priority pollutants: based on health effects & the severity of the air
quality problem
2. Identify control measures: For specific source categories, choose the
appropriate controls.
3. Incorporate the control measures into a plan: written plan with
implementation dates to formalize the strategy. It is important to adopt a
regulatory program & include it in the plan so that control measures will be
enforceable .
4. Involve the public: As with the other management activities related to the
AQM process.
 it is critical to contact the regulated community and other affected parties,
as the public should be consulted as part of the strategy development
process. This early consultation reduces later challenges and streamlines
implementation.
There are four main steps in developing a
control strategy
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14. 14

15.  Working Environment Convention
 CLRTAP
 VIENNA CONVENTION
 Helsinki Protocol
 Montreal Protocol
 Sophia protocol
 U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement
 VOC protocol
Out line
 UNFCCC
 Oslo Protocol
 Kyoto Protocol
 Protocol on Heavy Metals
 Aarhus Protocol
 Gothenburg Protocol
 Paris Agreement
 We will see 15 Agreements
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16. WORKING ENVIRONMENT (AIR
POLLUTION, NOISE AND VIBRATION)
CONVENTION
Signed = June 20, 1977.
Geneva, Switzerland.
 General Conference of the International Labour
Organization
Ratifiers =45 states.
 Aim: concerning the Protection of Workers against
Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment
Due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration. 16

17. CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANS
BOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION (CLRTAP)
 Signed =November 13, 1979
 Implemented by = European Monitoring and
Evaluation Programme (EMEP)
 Directed by = the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE)
 Ratifiers =51 states
 Aim: protect the human environment against air pollution ,
including long-range trans boundary air pollution.
 Weakness=It is Regional agreement
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18. VIENNA CONVENTION
Signed =22 march 1985
Location =Vienna ,Austria, Europe
Ratifiers =197 states
Aim=Protection of Ozone layer.
Weakness=It is not binding agreement(i.e. it acts
as framework for international effort)
Outcome=Creation of POGAE or MORM
ODACCR
Reported for COP 18

19. HELSINKI PROTOCOL
 Signed =July 8, 1985
 Ratifiers =25 states
 Aim: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range
Trans boundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur
Emissions or their Trans boundary Fluxes by at least 30 %
by 1993.
 Weakness=It is Regional agreement
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20. MONTREAL PROTOCOL
 Signed = 26 August 1987
 Montreal, Canada.
 Ratifiers =197 states.
 it has undergone 8 revisions
 Aim: to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the
production of numerous substances that are responsible for
ozone depletion.
 As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in
Antarctica is slowly recovering.
 Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to
1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.
THE LARGEST
ANTARCTIC OZONE
HOLE RECORDED AS OF
SEPTEMBER 2006
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21. ODS TREND
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22. NITROGEN OXIDE PROTOCOL
(SOPHIA PROTOCOL)
 Signed = 31 October 1988,
 Sophia of Bulgaria.
 Ratifiers =36 states
 Aim: the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their
trans boundary fluxes.
It is better because = Europe + USA
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23. U.S.–CANADA AIR QUALITY AGREEMENT
 Signed = 13 March 1991
by Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney and American
President George H. W. Bush and entered into force
immediately.
 Bonn, Germany.
 Ratifiers =USA and Canada
 Aim: trans boundary air pollution can effectively be
reduced through cooperative or coordinated action
providing for controlling emissions of air pollutants in
both countries.
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24. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PROTOCOL(VOC PROTOCOL)
 Signed = November 18, 1991
 Geneva, Switzerland.
 Ratifiers =25 states
 Aim: control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic
compounds in order to reduce their trans boundary fluxes.
 Countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Canada,
European Union, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, United States 24

25. UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE (UNFCCC)
 Signed = 4 June 1992
 Bonn, Germany.
 Ratifiers =197 states.
 Aim: stabilize green house gas (GHG)concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
 The framework sets non binding limits on greenhouse gas
emissions for individual countries and contains no
enforcement mechanisms. 25

26. UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE (UNFCCC)
 UNFCCC Principles
1. common but differentiated responsibilities’
2. Historically, industrialized countries have contributed the most to the
climate change problem
 Precautionary Principle
1. activities that irreversible damage prohibited before effects
2. to combat climate change even if there is a lack of “full scientific
certainty”
 Cost-Effectiveness
 the economic costs of mitigating climate change should be
minimized
Sustainable Development(SD)
 parties have a right to, and should, promote SD
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27. OSLO PROTOCOL
 Signed = 14 June 1994
 Oslo, Norway.
 Ratifiers =29 states
 Aim: for a further reduction in Sulphur emissions or trans
boundary fluxes. Supplements the 1985 Helsinki Protocol
on the Reduction of Sulphur
 Countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Poland,
Russia, Ukraine
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28. KYOTO PROTOCOL
 Signed = 11 December 1997
 Kyoto, Japan.
 Ratifiers =144 states.
 Aim: to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a
level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The Kyoto
Protocol applies to the 6 GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs,
PFCs, and SF6.
 The Protocol is based on the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities
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29. KYOTO PROTOCOL
 Protocol's first commitment period
 started in 2008 and ended in 2012
 Protocol's Second commitment period
 was agreed in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment
 37 countries have binding targets
 Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine have stated that they may
withdraw
 CANADA withdrew in 2012 and USA not ratified.
 Negotiations were held the second commitment period ends in
2020.
 Ratified
 parties
 Non-Parties
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30. PROTOCOL ON HEAVY METALS
 Signed = 1998
 Aarhus, Denmark.
 Ratifiers =33 states As of 2016.
 Aim: the reduction of Cd, Pb and Hg emissions in the
interests of environmental protection.
 Amendments to the Protocol were agreed in 2012 to introduce
more stringent emission limits but are not yet in force. 30

31. AARHUS PROTOCOL ON PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POP)
 Signed = 1998
 Aarhus, Denmark
 is an addition to the CLRTAP
 Ratifiers =31 states and the European Union, May 2013.
 Aim: to control, reduce or eliminate discharge, emissions and
losses of persistent organic pollutants (eleven pesticides, two
industrial chemicals and three by-products/contaminants)
 The protocol was amended on 18 December 2009, but the
amended version has not yet come into force.
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32. MULTI-EFFECT PROTOCOL
(GOTHENBURG PROTOCOL)
 Signed = 30 November 1999
 Aarhus, Denmark.
 Ratifiers =26 states As of August 2014.
 Aim: multi-pollutant protocol designed to reduce
acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone by
setting emissions ceilings for SOx, NOx, VOC and NH4 to be
met by 2010.
 May 4, 2012 Parties agreed to further reduce their emissions
until 2020 so these amendments now need to be ratified by
Parties in order to make them binding.
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33. PARIS AGREEMENT
Signed = 12 December 2015.
 Le Bourget, near Paris, France.
 At the 21st Conference of the Parties of the
UNFCCC
Ratifiers =185 states.
 Aim: to keep the increase in global average
temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-
industrial levels; and to limit the increase to 1.5
°C, since this would substantially reduce the risks
and effects of climate change
Global carbon dioxide
emissions by jurisdiction
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34. REFERENCE
1. National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters
report www.srh.noaa.gov/shv
2. Vienna convention for the protection of the Ozone layer, UN
Treaty series retrieved 17 January 2012.
3. CIA World Fact book, as of 2003 edition
4. 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur
Emissions", unece.org.
5. Protocol on Heavy Metals". UNECE. Retrieved 10 August
2014.
6. Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Air
Pollution - Environmental Policy - UNECE". www.unece.org.
Retrieved 2017-12-02.
7. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_environme
ntal_agreements
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35. THANK YOU !!!
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