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Philosophers
- 2. • State of Nature: • Age of hypothesis of Enlightenment: conditions of cultural what the lives of movement emphasizi people might ng on have been like reason and individua before societies lism; reform society came into using reason, existence. challenge ideas Terms • Social contract: • groundedof Nature: The Law in tradition andall addresses the the basis of faith and advance origin of society morality given to knowledge through and the legitimacy us by God, the scientific of the authority commands that we method.. of the state over not harm others the individual.
- 4. Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) Absolute monarchy : ultimate governing authority as head of not limited by a constitution or by the law. : abuses of power by this authority can not be resisted. Political Philosophy and Science The Social Contract : self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts > ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs
- 6. John Locke (29 Aug 1632 – 28 Oct 1704) ‘Father of Classical Liberalism’ : securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government Empiricism (philosophy of science) : is a theory of knowledge which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. Social contract : individuals bound morally, by The Law of Nature, not to harm > without government to defend them > no security in their rights and would live in fear. Origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self
- 8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 Jun 1712 – 2 Jul 1778) Theory of the Natural Human :"uncorrupted morals" prevail in the "state of nature" . Stages of Human Development :"savages" = optimal in human development (less-than-optimal extreme of brute animals and the extreme of decadent civilization). The Social Contract : Joining together into civil society and abandoning claims of natural right can preserve themselves and remain free.
- 10. Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) Theory of Perception : understanding of the external world has foundations in both experience and a priori concepts : analytical and synthetic proposition = provide new knowledge, but knowledge that is not derived from experience Moral Philosophy : An action is not done with the motive of duty, then it is without moral value Kantianism : revolving entirely around duty rather
- 11. Thank you.
Notes de l'éditeur
- -Social contract: question of the relation between natural and legal rights.
- Absolute monarchy: a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. State of nature: people know no virtues and therefore are vicious. : the sovereign power of the protector comes becauseof people surrendering their own sovereign power for protection and thereby they are the authors of all decisions made by the sovereign power.Political: Started this, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority, is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. The Social contract: not benevolent but competitive and self-centered >realism theories for international relations (eg. All states tend to pursue self-interest.)
- Classical liberalism: Emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States and advocates civil liberties (eg. Specific rights, freedom from slavery) with a limited government (allows the people to shape their society) under the rule of law, private property, and belief in economic policy that is free from tariffs and taxes.Empiricism: -emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments is a fundamental part of the scientific method and that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a prior reasoning.Social Contract: why people are willing to do so Origin: Born with a blank slate, without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense or perception.
- Theory: Something to note though is that he does not mention that act morally; just that they are are self-sufficient and thus not subject to the vices of political society. In fact, he believes self-restraint, can only develop through careful education in a civil state.Stages: Noble savage=not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness. He thinks society's negative influence on men transforms positive self-love, pride.The social contract:submission to the authority of the general will of the people as a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are, collectively, the authors of the law. Romanticism:revolt against the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, attribution of a spiritual value to the beauty of nature helped formed the attitudes within the period of time towards nature and religion.
- Theory of perception:thus offering a non-empiricist critique of rationalist philosophyAnalytical : predicate concept is contained in its subject concept All bachelors are unmarriedSynthetic: predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept All bachelors are happyMoral Philosophy: Believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself.Kantianism: