1. The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists beginIn the mid-1500s, scientists begin
to question accepted beliefs andto question accepted beliefs and
make new theories based onmake new theories based on
experimentationexperimentation

2. The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
 The Medieval ViewThe Medieval View
• Most knowledge inMost knowledge in
the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages
comes from thecomes from the
Bible andBible and
Greek/RomanGreek/Roman
sources.sources.Supports
geocentric theory
—moon, sun,
planets revolve
around earth

3. The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
 A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking
• Renaissance prompts new ways ofRenaissance prompts new ways of
thinking (1300-1600)thinking (1300-1600)
• Scientific Revolution—new way ofScientific Revolution—new way of
viewing the natural world—based onviewing the natural world—based on
observation and inquiryobservation and inquiry
• New discoveries, overseas explorationNew discoveries, overseas exploration
open up thinkingopen up thinking
• Scholars make new developments inScholars make new developments in
astronomy and mathematics.astronomy and mathematics.

4. A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
 The HeliocentricThe Heliocentric
TheoryTheory
• Widely acceptedWidely accepted
geocentric theorygeocentric theory
challenged aschallenged as
inaccurateinaccurate
• Copernicus developsCopernicus develops
the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory
—planets revolve—planets revolve
around the sunaround the sun
• Later scientistsLater scientists
mathematically provemathematically prove
Copernicus to beCopernicus to be
correctcorrect
Nicolaus
Copernicus

5. A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
 Galileo’s DiscoveriesGalileo’s Discoveries
• Italian scientist GalileoItalian scientist Galileo
Galilei makes keyGalilei makes key
advances in astronomy.advances in astronomy.
• He makes discoveryHe makes discovery
about planet surfacesabout planet surfaces
• supports heliocentricsupports heliocentric
theorytheory
• 4 moons of Jupiter4 moons of Jupiter
(Jupiter has 8 moons)(Jupiter has 8 moons)
• Sun spotsSun spots
Galileo Galilei

6. You must Recant!!!!!You must Recant!!!!!
 Conflict with theConflict with the
ChurchChurch
• Church attacksChurch attacks
Galileo’s work, fearsGalileo’s work, fears
it will weakenit will weaken
people’s faithpeople’s faith
• Pope forces GalileoPope forces Galileo
to declare his andto declare his and
other new findingsother new findings
are wrongare wrong
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo
facing the Roman Inquisition
Biblical references Psalm 93:1, 96:10, and 1
Chronicles 16:30 include text stating that "the world
is firmly established, it cannot be moved." In the
same manner, Psalm 104:5 says, "the Lord set the
earth on its foundations; it can never be moved."
Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "And the sun
rises and sets and returns to its place" etc.

7. The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
 A Logical ApproachA Logical Approach
• Revolution in thinking leads toRevolution in thinking leads to
development of scientific method—adevelopment of scientific method—a
series of steps for forming and testingseries of steps for forming and testing
scientific theoriesscientific theories
 Bacon and DescartesBacon and Descartes
• Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help toThinkers Bacon and Descartes help to
create scientific methodcreate scientific method
• Bacon urges scientists to experimentBacon urges scientists to experiment
before drawing conclusionsbefore drawing conclusions
• Descartes advocates using logic and mathDescartes advocates using logic and math
to reason out basic truthsto reason out basic truths

8. The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)

9. Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
 Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories
• English scientist IsaacEnglish scientist Isaac
Newton develops theoryNewton develops theory
of motion—states someof motion—states some
forces rule motion offorces rule motion of
planets, matter inplanets, matter in
space, and earthspace, and earth
• LAW OF GRAVITYLAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689

10. Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
 Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories
(continued)(continued)
• Motion in space andMotion in space and
earth linked by the lawearth linked by the law
of universal gravitationof universal gravitation
—holds that every—holds that every
object is universeobject is universe
attracts every otherattracts every other
objectobject
• Newton views theNewton views the
universe as a vast,universe as a vast,
perfect mechanicalperfect mechanical
clockclock
Isaac Newton in 1702

11. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 ScientificScientific
InstrumentsInstruments
• Scientists developScientists develop
microscope,microscope,
barometer, andbarometer, and
thermometerthermometer
• New instrumentsNew instruments
lead to betterlead to better
observations andobservations and
new discoveriesnew discoveries
microscope
thermometer
simple
mercury
barometer

12. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Medicine and theMedicine and the
Human BodyHuman Body
• Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius
improvesimproves
knowledge ofknowledge of
anatomyanatomy
Andreas Vesalius
De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body)

13. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Medicine and theMedicine and the
Human BodyHuman Body
(continued)(continued)
• Edward JennerEdward Jenner
produces world’sproduces world’s
first vaccination—first vaccination—
for smallpoxfor smallpox

14. 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating
patients who feared it would make
them sprout cow like appendages.

15. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Discoveries inDiscoveries in
ChemistryChemistry
• Robert Boyle arguesRobert Boyle argues
that matter is madethat matter is made
of many differentof many different
particlesparticles
• Boyle’s law revealsBoyle’s law reveals
interaction ofinteraction of
volume,volume,
temperature, andtemperature, and
gas pressure.gas pressure.

16. The Enlightenment inThe Enlightenment in
EuropeEurope

17.  All humans were naturally selfish andAll humans were naturally selfish and
wicked, therefore governments mustwicked, therefore governments must
keep order.keep order.
 People should hand over their rightsPeople should hand over their rights
to a strong ruler. This was whatto a strong ruler. This was what
Hobbes called aHobbes called a social contractsocial contract..
 Strong ruler should have total powerStrong ruler should have total power
(an absolute monarchy).(an absolute monarchy).
 This powerful government withThis powerful government with
awesome power is what he called aawesome power is what he called a
leviathan (sea monster) therefore heleviathan (sea monster) therefore he
titled his booktitled his book LeviathanLeviathan (1651).(1651).
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

18. John LockeJohn Locke
 People were reasonablePeople were reasonable
(though still selfish) and had(though still selfish) and had
the natural rights to life, liberty,the natural rights to life, liberty,
and property.and property.
 Purpose of government is toPurpose of government is to
protect these natural rights.protect these natural rights.
 Government power comesGovernment power comes
from the consent of thefrom the consent of the
people.people.
“Every man has a
property in his own
person. This nobody
has a right to, but
himself."
“Government has no
other end, but the
preservation of
property."

19. VoltaireVoltaire
 Wrote more than 70 books ofWrote more than 70 books of
political essays, philosophy,political essays, philosophy,
and drama.and drama.
 Used satire against hisUsed satire against his
enemies, especially theenemies, especially the
clergy.clergy.
 Beliefs:Beliefs:
 ToleranceTolerance
 ReasonReason
 Freedom of religious beliefFreedom of religious belief
 Freedom of speechFreedom of speech
 ““I do not agree with a word youI do not agree with a word you
say but will defend to the deathsay but will defend to the death
your right to say it.”your right to say it.”

20. MontesqieuMontesqieu
 Believed Britain was theBelieved Britain was the
best-governed and mostbest-governed and most
politically balanced countrypolitically balanced country
of his own day.of his own day.
 Proposed the “separationProposed the “separation
of powers” betweenof powers” between
executive, legislative, andexecutive, legislative, and
judicial branches ofjudicial branches of
government.government.
 Proposed “checks andProposed “checks and
balances.”balances.”

21. Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau
 PassionatelyPassionately
committed tocommitted to
individual freedom.individual freedom.
 Believed man wasBelieved man was
born free and goodborn free and good
but easily corrupted.but easily corrupted.
 Believed the onlyBelieved the only
good government wasgood government was
the “general will” orthe “general will” or
direct democracy.direct democracy.

22. Cesare Bonesana BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria
 BeliefsBeliefs
 Laws existed to preserveLaws existed to preserve
social order, not avengesocial order, not avenge
crime.crime.
 Accused should receiveAccused should receive
speedy trials.speedy trials.
 Torture should never be used.Torture should never be used.
 Degree of punishment shouldDegree of punishment should
match seriousness of crime.match seriousness of crime.
 Capital punishment (deathCapital punishment (death
penalty) should be abolished.penalty) should be abolished.

23. Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft
 Women should be equallyWomen should be equally
educated along with men.educated along with men.
 Women should enterWomen should enter
professions traditionallyprofessions traditionally
dominated by men likedominated by men like
medicine and politics.medicine and politics.
 WroteWrote A Vindication ofA Vindication of
the Rights of Womanthe Rights of Woman

24. Mary ShelleyMary Shelley
 Daughter of MaryDaughter of Mary
Wollstonecraft.Wollstonecraft.
 Mistress and laterMistress and later
wife of poet Percywife of poet Percy
Bysshe Shelley.Bysshe Shelley.
 Author ofAuthor of
FrankensteinFrankenstein in thein the
summer of 1816,summer of 1816,
Later published inLater published in
1818.1818.

25. Frivolous But InterestingFrivolous But Interesting
InformationInformation

26. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein
 April 1815, MountApril 1815, Mount
Tambora on theTambora on the
island of Sumbawa,island of Sumbawa,
Indonesia erupts. ThisIndonesia erupts. This
was the world’swas the world’s
largest eruption inlargest eruption in
1,600 years. (7 on the1,600 years. (7 on the
Volcanic ExplosivityVolcanic Explosivity
Index)Index)

27. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein (continued)(continued)
 Immense amounts of volcanic dust ejectedImmense amounts of volcanic dust ejected
into the atmosphere.into the atmosphere.
 In the summer of 1816 temperatures inIn the summer of 1816 temperatures in
northern Europe, Canada, and thenorthern Europe, Canada, and the
northeastern United States were at recordnortheastern United States were at record
lows. Crop failures occurred when a Maylows. Crop failures occurred when a May
frost destroyed crops already planted.frost destroyed crops already planted.
 1816 has since been called “The Year1816 has since been called “The Year
Without a Summer.”Without a Summer.”

28. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein (continued)(continued)
 Effects of this volcanic winter throughout the worldEffects of this volcanic winter throughout the world
 Westward migration from the colder New England states in theWestward migration from the colder New England states in the
United States in search of the richer soil of the upper MidwestUnited States in search of the richer soil of the upper Midwest
 Food shortages, rioting and looting of food stores in EuropeFood shortages, rioting and looting of food stores in Europe
which was also recovering from the effects of the Napoleonicwhich was also recovering from the effects of the Napoleonic
WarsWars
 Storms and abnormal rainfall in Europe causing massiveStorms and abnormal rainfall in Europe causing massive
flooding of riversflooding of rivers
 Unusually low temperatures, including summer snowfall in ChinaUnusually low temperatures, including summer snowfall in China
causing faminecausing famine
 Brown and red snow falling in Hungary and Italy from theBrown and red snow falling in Hungary and Italy from the
presence of volcanic ash in the atmospherepresence of volcanic ash in the atmosphere

29. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein (continued)(continued)
 Inventions sparked byInventions sparked by
this volcanic winterthis volcanic winter
 Velocipede (now calledVelocipede (now called
bicycles) invented becausebicycles) invented because
of a lack of grain to feedof a lack of grain to feed
horseshorses
 ChemistChemist Justus von LiebigJustus von Liebig,,
who experienced thiswho experienced this
famine as a child,famine as a child,
researched and introducedresearched and introduced
chemical fertilizers intochemical fertilizers into
agriculture.agriculture.

30. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein (continued)(continued)
 The Shelley’s (MaryThe Shelley’s (Mary
Wollstonecraft GodwinWollstonecraft Godwin
calling herself Mary Shelleycalling herself Mary Shelley
though she is not yet marriedthough she is not yet married
to Percy) spend the summerto Percy) spend the summer
with Lord Byron at his villa bywith Lord Byron at his villa by
Lake Geneva in Switzerland.Lake Geneva in Switzerland.
 The weather being too coldThe weather being too cold
to carry out normal summerto carry out normal summer
activities, the group resideactivities, the group reside
indoors staying up all night inindoors staying up all night in
intellectual discussions. Theyintellectual discussions. They
often sit around the fireoften sit around the fire
reading German ghostreading German ghost
stories.stories.
Illustration from the 1831
edition.

31. Climate and the writing ofClimate and the writing of
FrankensteinFrankenstein (continued)(continued)
 Lord Byron suggests thatLord Byron suggests that
to entertain themselvesto entertain themselves
indoors each of themindoors each of them
write his or her ownwrite his or her own
supernatural tale.supernatural tale.
 During this time MaryDuring this time Mary
Godwin conceived of theGodwin conceived of the
idea foridea for FrankensteinFrankenstein..
 Therefore, being shut inTherefore, being shut in
due to the weatherdue to the weather
caused by a volcaniccaused by a volcanic
winter brought about thewinter brought about the
occasion of the writing ofoccasion of the writing of
this famous novel.this famous novel.
Boris Karloff as the Monster
in 1931.

32. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
SpreadsSpreads

33. Baroque MusicBaroque Music
Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers
Antonio VivaldiAntonio Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich HandelGeorge Friedrich Handel

34. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 Most famous workMost famous work LeLe
quattro stagioniquattro stagioni ((The FourThe Four
SeasonsSeasons) written in 1723.) written in 1723.
 46 operas46 operas
 76 sonatas76 sonatas
 Chamber musicChamber music
 Sacred musicSacred music
Spring

35. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 cantatascantatas
 choraleschorales
 organ worksorgan works
 lute musiclute music
 chamber musicchamber music
 canons and fuguescanons and fugues
 Famous piece: “Jesu JoyFamous piece: “Jesu Joy
of Man’s Desiring”of Man’s Desiring”

36. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 42 operas42 operas
 29 oratorios29 oratorios
 120 cantatas, trios, duets120 cantatas, trios, duets
 numerous ariasnumerous arias
 chamber musicchamber music
 Most famous work:Most famous work:
MessiahMessiah oratorio traditionallyoratorio traditionally
performed during theperformed during the
Christmas season, includingChristmas season, including
“Hallelujah Chorus”.“Hallelujah Chorus”.

37. Classical MusicClassical Music
 Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers
Joseph HaydnJoseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

38. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
 Known as “Father of theKnown as “Father of the
Symphony” and “FatherSymphony” and “Father
of the String Quartet”of the String Quartet”
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 104 Symphonies104 Symphonies
 numerous concertos fornumerous concertos for
various instrumentsvarious instruments
 15 operas15 operas
 other musicother music

39. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

40. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
 Representative worksRepresentative works
 23 operas23 operas
 numerous symphoniesnumerous symphonies
 ““Toy Symphony”Toy Symphony”
 concertosconcertos
 ““Flute concerto no. 2 in DFlute concerto no. 2 in D
Major, K 314”Major, K 314”
 piano musicpiano music
 chamber musicchamber music
 sacred musicsacred music
 massesmasses

41. Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
 Symphonies (5Symphonies (5thth
and 9and 9thth
probably the mostprobably the most
famous)famous)
 Piano musicPiano music
 ““Fur Elise”Fur Elise”
 Vocal musicVocal music
 OperasOperas
 Choral musicChoral music

42. Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
 Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia

43. Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Ruled Prussia from 1740
to 1786; granted religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship, improved
education

44. Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 ReligionReligion
 Joseph II had the most progressiveJoseph II had the most progressive
policy of religion toleration in all ofpolicy of religion toleration in all of
Europe. He granted toleration towardEurope. He granted toleration toward
Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-
clerical and liberal innovationsclerical and liberal innovations
provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VIprovoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI
in 1782. Joseph showed himself ain 1782. Joseph showed himself a
good Catholic, but was not persuadedgood Catholic, but was not persuaded
to change his liberal positions onto change his liberal positions on
religion.religion.
 The ArtsThe Arts
 He was known as the “musical king.”He was known as the “musical king.”
He was a huge patron of composers.He was a huge patron of composers.
He is featured prominently in theHe is featured prominently in the
moviemovie AmadeusAmadeus, the fictionalized, the fictionalized
biography of Mozart.biography of Mozart.

45. Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia
 Ruled Russia from 1762
to 1796; put in place
limited reforms; vastly
enlarged the Russian
empire

46. The American Revolution
Enlightenment ideas help spur the
American colonies to shed British rule
and create a new nation.

47. Britain and Its American Colonies
 The American Colonies Grow
 American colonies grow large and populous during
the 1600s and 1700s
 Colonies thrive economically through trade with
Europe
 Britain’s Navigation Act restricts that trade (1651)
 Other trade laws add restrictions and taxes
 Colonists identify less and less as British subjects

48. Americans Win Independence
 British-Colonial Tensions Arise
 Britain and American colonies win the French and
Indian War in 1763
 Britain taxes colonists to help pay the war debts
 Colonists argue that British cannot tax them without
their consent

49. Americans Win Independence
 Growing Hostility Leads to War
 Colonists protest tea tax with “Boston Tea Party” in
1773
 Colonists meet in Philadelphia to address British
policies (1774)
 British and Americans exchange fire at Lexington
and Concord in 1775

50. Americans Win Independence
 The Influence of the Enlightenment
 Colonial leaders push for independence, rely on
Enlightenment ideas
 Declaration of Independence—document justifying
colonial rebellion
 Leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses
ideas of John Locke

51. Americans Win Independence
 Success for the Colonists
 Despite British military might, colonists have
advantages:
 Motivating cause of freedom
 French assistance
 War’s expense for Britain
 British surrender at Yorktown in 1781; colonists win
the war

52. Americans Create a Republic
 A Weak National Government
 Articles of Confederation set government plan for
new republic
 Articles create legislature only, no executive or
judicial branches
 Result is weak national government that fails to
provide unity and order

53. Americans Create a Republic
 A New Constitution
 Leaders call Constitutional Convention in 1787 to
revise articles
 Group instead creates a new government under U.S.
Constitution
 Constitution contains many political ideas of the
Enlightenment

54. Enlightenment Ideas and the
Constitution

55. Americans Create a Republic
 The Federal System
 Constitution creates three branches of government
 Provides checks and balances—ensures branches share power
equally
 Promotes federal system—power divided between nation and
states
 The Bill of Rights
 Some fear too much national power, few protections of
rights
 Leaders win support for Constitution by adding a Bill of
Rights
 Ten amendments to Constitution that protect freedoms