1. How the Americas Change: The Long 19th Century Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

3. Volatility of climate affected French Revolution, American Revolution, French-Spanish wars Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

4. Frontiers of Americas The North American Frontier was shaped by: The Louisiana Purchase In 1803 purchased 282,800 square miles from France for 60 million francs plus COD worth 18 million francs Doubled the size of the US Occurred during presidency of Thomas Jefferson He allowed slavery in the new territory which laid the groundwork for the Civil War The Haitian Revolution From 1791 to 1804 Culminated in the ending of slavery there &founding of the Haitian republic Permanent change for independence Occurred at the same time Jefferson allowed slavery in the Louisiana Territory Documented by German aristocrat Prince MaximiliianzuWied-Neuwied Illustrated by Swiss artist Karl Bodmer Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

5. Frontiers of Americas The South American Frontier Violence was used for power, status, and to show manliness Conflicts could end in death – gang mentality To avoid public humiliation, you might kill your insulter Save ammo, slaughtered each other in humiliating fashion, like a cow Carlota Lucia de Brito Woman involved in politics who order the assassination of an opponent While trying to remain independent and buck the system, she ultimately was still dependent on the men around her Politics were centered around families, like the mob 30 yr. cycle of droughts perpetuated migration This story is unreal and outshines modern day soap operas Population had to be resilient and adapt to the perpetually changed government, rulers, climate, and source of income/sustenance Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

6. Crossroads Of Freedom Crossroads of Freedom seem to exist on battlefields The U.S. crossroads were found there too Revolutionary War The War of 1812 The Spanish American War The Civil War Gettysburg The Seven Days Battles The Battle of Second Manassas – Bull Run The Battle of Antietam Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

7. Crossroads Of Freedom Civil War was passionate! Fight between the Northern and Southern States of the U.S. South fought for states rights and slavery The war was sparked by election of Lincoln There were long, bloody battles They were fought in towns, fields It was “brother against brother” Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

8. Crossroads Of Freedom British government was working behind the scenes Hoped to garner a peace deal between the north and south Probably saw it as an opportunity to regain some control of U.S. They were going to recognize the Confederacy to facilitate peace between North and South Battle of Antietam was the critical point in the war Leading up to it was a string of defeats for the North By September of 1862, the union was at risk of collapse September 17, 1862 remains the single bloodiest/deadliest day in American history 6300-6500 Confederate and Union soldiers were killed or fatally wounded in village of Sharpsburg, Maryland 15000 more were wounded, many would lose arms and/or legs Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154

9. Crossroads Of Freedom Critical day of battles between Antietam Creek and the Potomac River The win restored faith for the North Eliminated the British’s hopes of meddling in the U.S. peace Emancipation proclamation was delivered by Lincoln Simultaneously changed the tide of the war Brought victory for the north Brought an end to slavery Brought unification back to the Union Tiffany Jacobs HIST 141 #71154