Europe in 19th century the book

Europe –transition from traditional to modern society
Thir project has been funded with the support of the European Comission. This material reflects the views of the authors and the Comission
cannot he held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

ROMANIA
THE LAND OF TRADITIONS of
the 19th century


Brief timeline of the 19th century in
Romania

By the late 18th century and early 19th century, Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania
found themselves as a clashing area for three neighbouring empires: the Habsburg
Empire, the newly appeared Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire .

1806 Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the Hasburg
Empire is reorganized and becomes the Austrian Empire;
1848 The Revolution are very active in this part of Europe. The Hungarians demand
more rights, including a provision on the union between Transylvania and
Hungary. The Romanian-speaking Transylvanians carry their own parallel
revolution led by Avram Iancu, which opposed the union with Hungary
1849 The revolt led by Avram Iancu obtains some rights for the Romanian-speaking
Transylvanians, in spite of strong opposition from Hungary;
1859 Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected Price of Moldavia on January 5. Three weeks later
he is also elected Price of Wallachia, thus achieving a de facto union of the two
principalities under the name of Romania
1862 The Government of Romania is formed with Alexandru Constantin Moruzi as the
first ever Prime Minister
1863 Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the Agrarian Reform in which the majority of
the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not
enough land, the Secularization of monastery estates in Romania, in which large
estates owned by the Romanian Orthodox Church are transferred under state
ownership and than to private property, takes place. This was an important
turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of
the Boyar class, leaving the country to look towards capitalism and
industrialization;
1866 On 22 February, Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to sign his abdication, which was
mainly caused by the Agrarian Reform from 1863 made himself many enemies.
Due to the country's political issues and its financial collapse, the Partiament
takes the decission to bring a foreign price to the vacant throne. On 26 March,
Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes Prince of Romania as Carol.
Originally, the offer was made to Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders but he
refused. On 1 April the Romanian Academy is established. On 1 July, the first
constitution of Romania is ratified


1877 On 16 April, Romania and the Russian Empire sign a treaty under which Russian troops are
allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition to respect the integrity of
Romania. On 21 May, the Parliament of Romania declare the independence of the country. In the
fall Romania join the Russo-Turkish War on the Russian Empire side. In November, deeply
defeated in the Battle of Pleven, the Ottoman Empire request an armistice
1878 Romania independence is recognized by the Central Powers on 13 July. Following the Treaty of
Berlin, Romania now include territories of Dobrogea, the Danube Delta, and Insula Şerpilor. In
return the southern counties of Bassarabia are returned to Russian Empire


THE IMAGE OF THE ROMANIAN WOMAN IN
THE 19TH CENTURY SOCIETY

Women participated in the economic changes via inheritance and marriage, via their work
in the household, no matter their social class: housekeeping, bringing up children,
managing goods, etc. The smaller the men’s wages, the harder was the domestic work. As
a result, in the industrialisation and urbanism context in the 19th century, the domestic
work, paid or unpaid jobs, the private and the public existence were not separated for
women, on the contrary they were complementary. Nevertheless, the traditional postulate
of the woman’s inferiority was maintained at almost all levels. Women were paid less than
men. Even if most of the women and men were unskilled workers, they were paid on
account of sex only. Industrialisation came with an extra pay for factory workers, women
migrating between their jobs and families. The domestic wife, whose activity was
dedicated to her family, had to efficiently administer her husband’s wages to ensure a
decent living.
Mainly, the minimum pay and the dependence of women, and their lack of jobs
characterized the end of the 19th century in the whole Europe. The total lack of political
rights, since time immemorial; seeing women in contradiction with the demands of the
modern age leads to great social movements, originating in the West where the
emancipation of women in all the public domains took place .

STATUS OF WOMAN IN THE FAMILY
Before the Industrial Revolution , women were expected to
contribute actively to the family’s maintenance : from child to the
making of pillows , all was her responsibility. The ideal of
womanhood was the Perfect Wife.
Woman was devoted entirely to her relatives, to her family,
marriage, and religion. She was forced by the church to be
submissive to her father and to her husband; she also worked
together by her husband to raise a family. Arranged marriages
were a frequent practice and they were done gradually: offering a
price for the bride, elaborating the papers of the dowry etc. Finally,
at the end of 18th century, in the bourgeoisie the first voices to
demand equal rights for women made themselves heard.
Woman , even if she was poor or rich, could not support herself
and for this reason she was supported by another being, who was
stronger than her, THE MAN. Woman could not take decision by
herself, but the man spoke for her. She could not get married if she
was not a virgin and she was not allowed to choose her own
husband , but her parents did it for her. The husband avoided
showing his affection for his wife in public, this being a sign of
weakness, disapproved of by the rural opinion
In conclusion, the woman was the puppet in the hands of her
man.

MARRIAGE
ENGAGEMENT
In the Romanian traditional society, the religious wedding
If the engagement broke off, it meant returning of
was well-grounded, any civil marriage that was not
religiously celebrated being considered co-habitation. In the the dowry papers. In those cases, the guilty one had to
Romanian tradition, there was been the belief that every give back the engagement gifts and the goods offered
marriage founded without wedding of the young couple in before the wedding, the engagement ring included,
front of the altar remained incomplete and ill-fated in this life
according to the written law and to the customary law.
and in the other. Unmarried women were considered unfit
Gifts were written down in the dowry paper even if it
for preparing and offering alms, and unmarried remained
was about the dowry of a rich man’s daughter or of a
poor one’s. The papers mentioned not only the dowry
given to the girl by her parents but also the gifts she
offered to her parents-in-law, brothers-in-law, god-
parents during the wedding at the groom’s house.
These gifts were given according to the ritual; after the
wedding and they gained juridical significance because
they were divided according to the custom, half being
the husband’s and the other half the wife’s.


DIVORCE

The wife wrote a letter of divorce to her husband if he conspired against the
leader, if he put her life into danger, if he was immoral, if he was impotent for
more than three years and if one of partners became a religious or disappeared
for more than five years. The Romanian written laws of 18th century stipulated
that a wife might ask for divorce and take her dowry back as well as gifts before
the wedding and 1/3 of her husband’s fortune if he conspired against the king, if
he put his wife’s life into danger, if he talked about his wife chastity and virginity
to the others, if he accused his partner of being a “bitch”, but he didn’t have
evidence, if he had another woman in his house or in some other place and, after
having been repeatedly asked by his wife and her relatives to leave her, he didn’t
do it. The guilty husband was punished. Likewise, the wife lost her dowry after
the divorce if she knew about the conspiracy of her husband against the king but
she never revealed it; she was profligate if there were five witnesses, to prove
that she conspired against her husband, she had a bath together with a stranger,
she left home without letting her husband know, her unfaithfulness was proven
with witnesses. When she got married, the woman was the absolute owner of her
dowry (which she might keep after she divorced). During marriage, the husband
managed his wife dowry and turned them into value.


WOMEN AND CHURCH

Women imposed themselves within the community as mothers,
having the regenerating force of descent, as ladies of the house
taking care effective by the household, as magicians ensuring the
success of all kinds of wishes, having some legal rights as heiress
and owners. Romanian women had not only the obligation but also
the power to establish contacts with the sacred world, with God.
Feminist built its specific individuality and exercised its power
especially in the sacred sphere in the different registers of rites.
Traditional magic structures assert the pre-eminence of women’s
needs of valorising themselves in conformity with their specific
status. Feminist pre-eminence in the structure of both traditional
magic therapy and of the pre-marriage erotically practices proves
assuming of responsibility towards their own destiny and the wish of
asserting their individuality .

The ideal of the Romanian middle –class society was the
Perfect Lady. She was supposed to have strong family
feelings and desire to motherhood. She was also supposed
to be educated and entertain guests. The rich women
learnt at private schools or at home with private teachers.
She had much fortune but she was not allowed to marry by
herself. She has jewelleries and expensive clothes
especially created for her by designers from France.
The separation of woman away from the rural collectivist
protection forecast her emancipation from her husband’s
and society’s guardianship, having as result the
dissolution of parental traditional authority and political
and familial emancipation are specific phenomena of the
19th and 20th century. As a natural consequence of the
economic-social and cultural evolution, there were more
powerful opinions about women’s situation, which didn’t
benefit from proper education, which could not choose a
profession, depending on men from the economic point of
view, never participating in the political life and were never
equal to men from the civilian point of view .

The rich woman of the 19 the century

The poor woman of the 19th century

The poor woman of the 19th century was born in a decent
family but she was educated little by her parents and taught
little about life. She was not allowed to go to ballroom and
to be in love with an officer.
After the wedding, the poor woman could not disobey her
husband’s decisions or oppose him and she could not
divorce. After her husband’s death, she could not remarry
or she could become a monk.
Being considered superior to women, the man was the
leader, in all the communities, hence in the family, too, a
role sustained and amplified by a whole series of customs.
The traditional image of the woman is that of a stability
factor in the family. Foreign travellers wrote that the married
Romanian woman in the traditional society of the 18th
century seemed to agree with her downgraded position,
being passive and resigned. There was a ritual, a natural
gesture that underlined the woman’s humiliating status in
the domestic life. For example, all the women observe the
custom of not crossing in front of a man, even if he were a
gun’s rebound or even if he were a beggar. She has to stop
until he passes, the reason being that the woman has to
respect, honour, and give attention to the man .


THE TRADITIONAL IMAGE OF FAMILY
Marriages in the traditional Romanian village involved
partners from the village or from the neighbourhood places,
within the same geographical area. By examining historical
documents (dowry papers, wills), we can state that Romanian
women never enjoyed the situation of western women
because of their rights of inheritance and property .
The traditional Romanian family characterized itself,
among others, through a strong individualism and through a
series of rules of behaviour inherited from father to son,
which were adapted in time, but that never denied customs.
Some of the observed norms of the traditional Romanian
family were honesty, rightness, hardworking, responsibility
towards family’s prestige, a strong family conscience and
spiritual cohesion, fulfilment of the moral order of descent,
observance of a hierarchy of age, sex, naturalised through
tradition (for example, the man was the head of the family
and he led it, often authoritatively; parents had the right of
showing children how to behave), displaying daily solidarity
at the family level (they worked together, ate together, there
were daily common meals, but also common meals with
ritual and celebrating values), and the reunion of the large
family happened only on special occasions related to the
circle of life, at festivals, husking bees, etc.

The difference between sexes was
something to be aware of from childhood.
Starting from the age of 7 there had to be
separate groups (boys and girls). Avoidance
of masturbation was one of the main duties
of parents. In pre-adolescence or
adolescence there were founded groups of
two persons – “sisters on crosses” “or
“brothers on crosses” – which maintained
all their lives long and meant mutual help.
Girls were closely “not to be disgraced”.
Starting from the age when they could do
something about the house, children
received chores. Consequently, girls had to
learn from their mother how to weave, to
sew, to spin, to wash the laundry in the
river, to look after younger brothers, to do
the house, to cook, to know the medicinal
herbs, to know celebrations and to observe
the norms related to them .

Boys were more under theirs fathers’ influence who taught
them how to work the land and raise cattle; they were warned
against dangers; they were transmitted interdictions and were
tested their courage, wisdom etc. Both girls and boys
assimilated local oral culture in the practice of social life,
followed patterns of behaviour, and collective habits that
represented guidelines for their own lives. In order to
discipline their children, parents would teach them fear of the
evil, scold and even beat them .


ART IN ROMANIA
IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Theodor Aman



NICOLAE
GRIGORESCU


STEFAN
LUCHIAN

THEODORE PALLADY


NICOLAE TONITZA


ION ANDREESCU


TRADITIONS IN THE ROMANIAN
COUNTRYSIDE OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Weaving a traditional craft

Fabrics, produced within their own
household, have an important role in traditional
housing and are the most important decorative
elements. They are placed on the ceiling, wall,
and the beams are of different style for each
ethnographic area separately.
The fabrics are made from materials available
in the household, from animal skin (sheep wool,
goat hair, silk) or vegetable (hemp, cotton, linen).
Many fabrics are manufactured both from animal
fibers and vegetable. At the core materials for
manufacturing silk, beads, sequins were added
for decoration. The fabrics are made only by
women. They dealt with the weaving loom ,
painting the wires, cutting the material and then
decorating them.The most frequently used colour
was red, which appears in a multitude of shades ,
followed by blue and black.

Fabrics are used for household use, usually placed on a bed
or chest of drawers (carpet, rug, pillow) or for decorative
purposes (carpets, rugs, tablecloths, towels, curtains, pillow, etc.).
Some materials are used only occasionally related to various
ceremonies (birth, wedding, funeral).
The house was dressed with wall fabrics which were placed
on the wall where there is the bed. Later in the late nineteenth
century the design inside was attached to one another, while they
stopped being put on the wall, but directly on the floor, thereby
turned into carpets. The wall fabrics design was done by parallel
stripes perpendicular on the length of the piece. The flowers are
later replaced with human representations.


Inside the house of the Towards the end of the 19th
peasant century there appears the “nice
house “, which was a true
traditional house exhibition by
exhibiting a great wealth of
fabrics and embroidery (seats,
carpets, lay carpets, towels,
tablecloths, pillow cases). Some
preserved these traditional
fabrics and dowry chest.
Every peasant had to know
how to spin and weave before
having a family. And she does
not learn from books but from
women in the village.
One may say that the woman
Chest of makes the needle brush the
drawers in 1831 country, the thread in the seams
of watercolor to achieve high
artistic value.


Each ethnographic region has a specific brand of dress as recognition of community
members, means of assessing the age and social status.

The composition of women's folk costume area of Wallachia - Buzau

The spangled embroidered peasant Thin raw silk head kerchief
women’s blouse was found on
Traian's Column.

The broad peasant’s waist belt was
in the same color and patterns as
the two-gore homespun skirt
The two-gore homespun skirt
was ornamented only at the
bottom, following the same
pattern at the shirt.
The two-gore homespun skirt is made of
wool with black background. It is
wrapped tightly around the body and
fasten with sticks.
Peasant’s shoe are made from
pork or beef and shoe wraps
over and over knitted woolen
socks.


The shirt is longer, caught the right-
shoulder sleeve, the bottom is wider
at the hips. Ornamentation is less rich
than female shirt . The same pattern Hat , worn especially in cold
occurs at the bottom of the skirt weather, is made of lamb skins

The broad peasant’s waist belt.

The peasant’s long sheepskin Trousers - are trousers which are
coat worn in winter was worn by located in ancient Dacian times.
both men and women. It worked They are made from a special
on a very thin skin of lamb). white cloth, made in house.

The peasant’s shoes are made
from pork or beef
The composition of women's folk
costume area of Wallachia - Buzau


 Lower Austria, district of Baden
 Krupp Town‟
 15, 57 km2
 8728 inhabitants
 Four parts: Berndorf-Stadt, St. Veit, Ödlitz, Veitsau/
Steinhof
 First mentioned in 1133
 Main source of employment in the 18th century: metal
industry
 Development of Berndorf is related to Krupp family history
 1923: four parts of Berndorf were united
 Under attack in World War II
 Was established 1843 by Alexander
von Schöller and Alfred Krupp
 Invention of the „Stahlguss-
Löffelwalze“
 1877: Train-Station
 — Used their benefit to built social
services
 1890 the bear got logo of the cutlery

Their name is a legend
and their steel is the
hardest in the world : the
Krupps has been
Germany's mightiest and
the most successful
industrial company
dynasty for more than a
100 years.



 1811 Friedrich Krupp founded the cast steel factory in Essen in
Germany
 1816 produced smelted steel
 1826 Alfred adopted the management
 1887 Friedrich Alfred adopted the management
 1890 Fritz, developed nickel steel
 1906 Bertha married the diplomatic agent Gustav von Bohlen und
Halbach
 Gustav led the company during the First World War
 established a dental hospital to provide steel teeth and jaws for
wounded veterans
 From 1933 on a big boom - armaments policy in the Third Reich
 1938 „Leaders of the war economy“
 Alfried also joined the NSDAP
 1940 – 1945 23.076 prisoners of war and 4978 people who were in
the concentration camps worked there

 Krupp Company is the most important
German —contractor of armament
 1948 Alfried was sentenced to 12
years of prison at the Nuremberg Trials
 Arndt disclaimed the heritage ->Alfried
Krupp was the last „Krupp“
 1967 separated company and private
property and —arranged a foundation
Corporation
 1814 Hermann Krupp founded the
Austrian-dynasty of Krupp
 1834 Arthur and his friend Alexander
van Schoeller took over the Berndorf
metalware-company
 Arthur liked the city of Berndorf a lot
and erected a lot of buildings ->
“Stilklassen”
 1879 1000 employees


illegitimacy, agricultural society in
change, the railway in Ebenfurth, ...


The emergence of Bromberg
Bromberg was under “ Karl dem Großen“
Agriculture :
 Farmers only drove to bigger cities in spring and autumn
 Wheat , rye, barley, oats, poppy, flax, potatoes,…
 Were producing a lot of “ alcoholic apple juice”
 Went to the forest to chop wood/rake strewing in autumn
 Windmill


 From now on the technique on
the farmhouses was
unstoppable
 Food manly consisted out of
potato dishes, milk, bread and
tomato soup
 Didn„t have a fridge -> put
their meat in pig fat

New invention
the whim ( the horse mill)

ood:
chil dh out
yw orker com e than
Factor nt more in

mea
work age 9
ed at
engag

prot d to be
o allowe rce of
fam type of

tant sou
ily a th impor
ppea e midd ng =
Bied beggi for chil dren
erm l
eier red in t e-class e

incom i ty of
„ he quant
ry the

Was rs„
n „t a 1 9th centu ki ds-begga
ho m onal ‚ ig
ofessi t ki nd of h

 ogen pr
The eous t tha
soci grou wasn„ e
al st or
r uc t p anym

grac ures
ious chan
reig ged
n„ &

The ‚gra
nur s ciou
betw es o s lad
een ften y
kids sto
& pa
r e nt o d
s


How the agricultural society changed in the course of time:
 In the 19th century the agricultural society changed dramatically.
 Mainly in the domain of agriculture there were important and drastic
transformations and shifting.
 There were effects on the structure of business.
 Dramatic change of the agricultural society
 Important and drastic transformations and shiftings
 Other sectors of working
 Process of shifting from the agriculture to the industry
 People were forced
to oscillate

Important facts
: life on the fa
Courtyard: tria rm:
ngular shape
Reasons:
 danger of fleeti
ng of the anim
 afraid of vagab als
onds and begg
ars
Some facts ab
out the farmha
sleeping room nds at that tim

s were very s e:
heating mall, no oppo
rtunities for
 sleep in the sta
ble where it w
as quite warm
“Museum on th
e farm”:
 you can see ho
w people lived
 collected thing 200 years ago
s of the time o
from the “Buck f the monarch
ligen Welt” y and only
 Founder: Adolf
ine Beisteiner
 media showed
interest
 Adolfine Beis
teiner: “ m
conerstone” useum is a
cultural
 Important: no
t to forget the
past


Steam power plant:
 1880 the first electrical railway was shown to publicity and the triumph of
the electric current also was not to stop anymore
 most steam power plants were operated with the Polish coal
 1915 first rail way through Ebenfurth was formed
 power station had its beginning when the first two Steam turbine
generators were started
 because of incredible issues in the first world war, the comrades learned to
stick together
 power station reached its ultimate effectiveness in 1926; à Ebenfurth
produced a quarter of the entire current power for Vienna and surrounding

Rail st
ation:
1883
rai
marke l station in
d Eb
railwa out for com enfurth was
y has m una
 four tr originally g l station
ac ot :
 two ca ks with sev
rr en fluc

one en iage hubs tuatio
ns
trainm
 one lo ent bu
ading ilding
 o ne w ramp
oo
 one co dshed
al

one ho shed
u
 rail sta se fountain
ti
the co on was enla
nn rg
Ebenfu ection from ed because
rth- W t of
ittman he railway
nsdorf

 longest track system nowadays à 820 meters
 longest track system in the 19th century à 300 meters
 no good protection à only one machine
 nobody thought about a configuration of the track system or security
device, because nobody wanted to invest into such purposes
 in winter 1901 à massive railway accident happened, when a too long
freighttrain had to be divided
 first passenger train from Vienna should wait at the „Stop“ – pointing
distant signal

Children o
f evil? – C
Children s hildren of
econd clas love? –
 mothers w s?
h o
accepted in ha d illegiti ma te birt
so hs really w
 18th so ca l ciety er e not
led “ found
 these “ hom ling homes
es” were m ”w
child mort a de for con er e established
alit tain
 women we y a nd the phenomeno ing the generally
re allowed n of child
births to go there m
a nd do a no ur der
articl nymous
e about the
...“mother live of an A
was not ab ustrian ma
has to wor
k and to ed
le to cope
with the si n:
assume res uc tuation tha
ponsibility ate a little child. He t she
writes abo for him an had to lear
ut p d his little n
established hysical and psychic brother too to
d al crueltie . He
very young isciplinary measures s which we
re
and most o . Children
f them wer had to wor
e underfed k
”.

Christian Doppler
 lived 1803-1853
 he was an important Austrian
physicist and mathematician
 published over 50 articles on
mathematics, physics and
astronomy
 famous for “Doppler effect”

change of wavelength caused by motion of the source


 was born on the 29th of November 1803 in Salzburg
 1822 studied at the university of Vienna and Salzburg
 1829 Doppler was an assistant to a professor of higher mathematics
and mechanics
 1835 worked as a math professor
 1840 became an associate member of the Royal Bohemian Society of
Sciences
 1842 publishing of his most notable work
 •1847 left Prague for the professorship of mathematics, physics and
mechanics in Slovakia
 •1848 got the honorary doctorate from the University of Prague and
became a member of the imperial academy of sciences
 1850 became the first headmaster of the new Physical Institute in
Vienna
 died on the 17th of March 1853 in Venice

Namings
 Christian-Doppler
laboratories
 Doppler
Gymnasium
 Christian-Doppler-
clinic special
posting stamp,
published 150
years after
discovery of the
principle


There were many differences among different parts of the country. Land
owners took advantage of workers. Food conservation systems at homes
weren't good. Salaries were low and supplies poor. People cooked with coal and
firewood. There was a scarcity of meat and fish, and people ate mostly plants.
Although Spain was a neutral country, we were in danger. The prices of food
and coal got much higher (Subsistence law). Problems continued (inflation).
Wheat price got higher and higher.
Speculation was suffered by lower class people.
It took 20 years to recover from the Civil
War (postwar).
There wasn't
anything to eat
because fields were
devastated during
the war.
Many people died of
hunger.

It kept control of the countryside so their diet and
supplies were much better. It was the main factor to
win the war.
Left-winged parties supported the Republican
Army. Transport problems affected food supply too.
Since the beginning of the war, there were problems
with supplies. People were able to get essential food
only under medical prescription.
Rationing food was made this way: Once a week:
oil carbon, ham, cheese, 3 times a week: fish, rice,
sugar and eggs, every day: milk, meat,
vegetables, fruit...


The lack of food and essential things caused a new way
of smuggling, It was known as “estraperlo”. Thousands
of people lived under the poverty line. Many people died,
including children.
During the 60s nourishment in Spain was not as
complete as it was, in terms of calories, in other
countries. The quality of meat, milk and eggs was not very
good.
During the end of the 60s and the beginning of the
70s more than 3.000.000 people emigrated from the
countryside to the cities and to foreign
countries such as France or Germany.

Nowadays social welfare
s o c ie ty ha s br o ug ht
important changes in
nutrition habits. In the last
15 years, the number of
people with overweight
problems has increased. In
children, the rate is higher
than the average in Europe.
This is mostly because of
the success of “Fast Food”
restaurants.


FROM 1812 CONSTITUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR 1936

From 1850 to 1900 the number
of schools rose from 17,170 to
29,776 schools. Rates of illiteracy
in population were decreasing:
63.8% in 1900 59.4% in 1910. It
went down to 40% along the early
1900s .
On the 19th of March 1812,
th e firs t Cons ti tu ti on w as
proclaimed and with it the right of
an universal, public education for
everyone.
There was one school for every
500 inhabitants.


In 1830 : full citizens should
learn how to read and write :
Article 25 from the Constitution says
that since 1830, people who want to
become full citizens should know how
to read and write.
In 1857 : compulsory
education up to 9 years : Moyano
Law of 1857 made education
compulsory from 6 to 9 years .There
were not sufficiently trained and paid
teachers ( they didn't enjoy an
acceptable social image).
In 1900 : schools for boys up
to 16 years : Children attended
lessons at school five hours a day 175
days a year. Students were boys from
4 to 16 years. This progressive
development did not follow the rapid
pace of the other nations of Western
Europe.

Spain became a Republic in1931, and this intensified the interest in
education:
 Teachers´ qualification improved.
 The curriculum for secondary education was created.
 The number of colleges, schools and institutions increased and it replaced
the teaching of religious orders.
 Autonomy to the colleges at University was
granted.
 Studies and scientific research intensified.


“This is the classroom. In a picture Cain
runs away as Abel lies dead, next to a blood
puddle. The teacher talks in a loud voice . He
is a skinny old man slovenly dressed, a book
in his hand.
All the children sing the lesson along,
repeating after him: thousand times a
hundred, a hundred and thousand; thousand
times a thousand, a million.
A grey cold winter afternoon. Pupils study.
A rainy monotony resounds on the window
panes.”


Two– student desks with an ink case
stoves
Abacus
School notebooks

Cupboard and wooden bookcases

School emblems for boys and girls

Measurement units : cabas

Holy childhood : money boxes


In the 60s there were girls' schools.
There were only female teachers. Girls
wore a white uniform and a cross was
hung on the wall of the classroom.

In 1861 it was declared a compulsory
subject in schools and Teachers' Colleges,
although it was not fulfilled by then.


In Spain, Francisco Amorós introduced
Swedish gymnastics, greatly influenced by
P.H. Ling. Thanks to him the concept
evolved into training, hygienic, corrective
and therapeutic gymnastics.
There were mainly analytical exercises
and there was excessive static and order .
1. Slow movements gymnastics
2. Arms and legs movement
3. Exercising movements with the
whole body
4. Students follow the instructor’s
orders

The gym should develop harmoniously the
body, exercising all its parts. Both boys and
girls practiced it. The need for a physical
education for all, whether weak or strong as a
school subject was established.



 This task has been undertaken by special education needs
students at our school.
 At first, we made a revision of the old pictures we had
collected. We discussed about them and the places of our
neighbourhood that were depicted.
 Then we identified these places and later we went out and took
current pictures of them.
 After that, we assorted them in this power point presentation.
 Finally, we saw a documentary on the history and evolution of
our neighbourhood, EL CAMPO DE LA VERDAD, located in the
south- east of our city, just across the river Guadalquivir Roman
Bridge.

In the 40s, immediately after the war,
thousands of people left the countryside and
went away to the cities, looking for better living
conditions .Many of them had to live in slums at
the outskirts of the cities.
In Cordoba, CAMPO DE LA VERDAD and
ZUMBACÓN became slums, neighbourhoods for
the poor in which life was hard.
Fray Albino, the Catholic Church Bishop of
the time and the political authorities outlined a
new neighbourhood, in which small one-storey
houses were built for the poor. It started off in
the 40s and by the end of the 50s the brand new
quarter had become a reality.
These were the first houses at the time they
were being built. People were expelled from
slums as some of the houses were being rebuilt.
There were frequent floods because the river
Guadalquivir is very close to the neighbourhood.


DURING THE 18th CENTURY AND THE
FIRST HALF OF THE 19th
 The birth and death rates are very similar and the growth of population
was slow if we compare it with other European cities. Many deaths were
due to diseases such as the flu and wars (Independence or Carlist
wars ).
 There was a scarcity of doctors. In Cordoba there were two hospitals
although most of people with serious diseases assisted died.
 A child was considered a man at 14.
 Average life expectancy for men was 45, whereas for women it was 35.
Many of them died at childbirth. They had 12 children on average.
 •There was not a compulsory education but every people learnt to sign
and count from zero to a hundred.
 The population of Cordoba lived on vegetables, a bit of meat, bread, and
wine and they only ate fish from the river and salted codfish at Easter.
 The church was one of the most important authorities and they ordered
costumes to the population


Most men were employed in the Primary Sector at the
production of handmade soaps, leather, clothes, silver
jewellery and in small factories of metal. Children started
working at the age of 8.
From 1865 to 1931
 A period of relative peace allowed Cordoba to grow. It
transformed the city and its population.
 The arriving of the trains changed the diet and the
city began a period of relative growth. Although low
classes had the same problems, the city grew and It
got better medical assistance and hygienic measures
reached the population. The mortality rate went down
but the catastrophically diseases continued causing
many deaths (Spanish flu on 1918-1919) . The Town
Hall ordered in 1892 the compulsory education for
children between 6 to 9 years old. Although in the
middle of 20th century the literacy rate only reached
20% of the whole population.

 •Families were supported by the working men.
 •The mother worked at home, she raised children, she

got the water from village fountains, collected wood or
coal for the fireplace, and occasionally they worked in
middle or high class houses like cookers or domestic
servants.
 •If they weren't able to get money enough to feed their

children, they went to the charity convents or to the
Church.
 •The main laws passed were about robberies of food or

street violence.
•


There were three kind of houses in Cordoba:

The High Class livings The medium classes houses

The popular livings

•Characteristics and members
–At homes, three or four generations of the same family co-existed. Sons,
parents, grandparents and older generations live together.
–Many girls got pregnant when they were 12, and they got married at an even
earlier age.
-Most of the people lived in tenement houses, in which the quarters ( two or
three bedrooms ) gathered around a patio. The neighbours shared facilities such
as the kitchen or the toilet.
-8 a 12 members of the family slept in the same house and sometimes there was
no room for some of them that had to move to nearby relatives' houses.


The separation among the women and the men was total. In fact, the women could
study a few years more than the men because they were taught by religious orders, while
men began to work younger than women.
They learnt to cook, read, count, sew, embroider; it was the girls became ready for the
weddings, although in middle and high classes they could learn to play an instrument and
even art or poetry.
The typical Cordobese woman from the beginning of the 20th century was painted by
Julio Romero de Torres.
Agriculture was one of the most important jobs in Cordoba at the beginning of the
20th century and peasants worked using traditional ploughs pulled by horses to plough
the fields.
Most of the tenement houses were trimmed with flowers blossoming in the month of
May, when Cordoba celebrates its most important festivity.
The presence of the water wells improved the health of the population of Cordoba.
The holidays were very important and they established the rhythm of the life of the
city.

• The Cattle holidays or nowadays
“La feria” was a important time and
along these dates the population of
low class could enjoy.
The last spring and the summer in
Cordoba is very hot (temperatures
>40º C in July and august) and it's a
tradition feed with cold soups or
creams as the Gazpacho or Salmorejo
which used the hard bread of last
days with tomatoes and oil.
After the lunch, and Knowing the
trouble with the Sun, all the streets of
Cordoba were emptying by the
“siesta”
In autumn and winter the food
costumes were more.


•The population of Cordoba suffered a hard conditions of living
along two centuries and improvement was slow.
The conditions of the low class were worse than middle and high
classes.
•There were not a economic evolution indeed the population who
came from the fields had the same conditions or worse when they
arrived and lived in towns.
•The Secondary education or University was only reserved to the
medium and high class, and the illiteracy was along this time almost
90 %.


Nowadays there are many customs and superstitions in the south of Spain
associated with weddings that have no relation with those held fifty years ago. A
wedding was a social event for the whole village or the neighbourhood, since most
people were invited. Nowadays things have changed quite a lot, the couple just invite
their family and friends in salons, not in houses. Nowadays things have changed quite
a lot, the couple just invite If we refer to the wedding itself, it has changed as well.
Weddings used to be celebrated in the bride and bridegroom´s parents´ homes.,
whereas now, it is in salons. The proposal, called "El Sí" fifty years ago, took place
between mother and mother in law; men did not have a say in the matter. It was a
great party for all the family, even women wore "mantillas" for this ocassion. There was
a saying for the proposal: The groom´s mother asked
"Aquí vengo a pedir la mano de tu hija para
mi hijo (groom´s name)"
The bride´s mother answered:
“Si ellos son conformes, concedida la tienes"
Then, the groom gave a present to the bride.


 Some of the "superstitions" that are
current today in Spain are those related
to the bride wearing something old,
something blue and something
borrowed, or not being seen by the
groom in her wedding dress before the
ceremony, and as I said before they
were not held fifty years ago, when the
influence of the mass media did not
exist.
 The changes in the present wedding
customs may be due to the influence of
the English speaking countries
introduced in ours, possibly as a result of
the growing expansion of the massive
media, above all the television and the
cinema, for example the Hollywood films

 Most couples got married in their twenties, after a
few years of dating.
 Most of them were neighbours or lived in the same
village. Weddings even took place among relatives.
 There were some couples who got married by proxy,
since the bridegroom was living abroad. This was
normal taking into account that there were many
people who, after the war, emigrated to foreign
countries, like France, Germany, etc.
 The couple used to go to the church walking or in
taxi, since at that time just few people owned a car.
 Most brides were dressed entirely in white which
meant that they were virgins, however, when a
woman was pregnant or in mourning, she dressed in
black. Depending on the family the bridegroom‟s
father paid for the bride‟s dress.


 In the celebration there were around fifty or
sixty guests maximum because most of the time
the party was held at a relative‟s house, except
if the couple belonged to a high class and lived
in a town that it was celebrated in a hotel.
 We cannot forget that there were no hotels in
villages to celebrate weddings, so everybody
celebrated their wedding in houses.
 As the celebrations were in houses and there
wasn‟t much money, the family invited the
guests to cakes and drinks.
 In the case that the family was wealthy and
belonged to a higher class, things were bit
different because the food was abundant and
varied.
 If the family was very wealthy, at that time, the
groom contributed to the marriage with the
guest room and the dining room and the bride
contributed with the rest of the furniture apart
from bringing her trousseau. Most women used
to make their own one.

As most coup
les didn't hav
they usually e much mon
didn‟t go on ey to travel,
them were a a honeymoon
ble to travel. . Just a few o
After one or f
two years of
first child. In marriage the
Spain in the y had their
houses and c 60‟s there w
ouples didn‟t as no TV in th
use birth con e
trol methods
.


After an intense web search, we have found
ghout
scarce examples o f women artists throu
that
the centuries. The m ain reason for this is
h
at of literature, in whic
arts was a field, like th n.
women's' w orks were not focused o ged
Most of these wom en artists were encoura
of
to follow this path b y their parents, most
f well- known artists in
them are daughters o
their times.



Femme cousant

the
ugh ter of
as the da o ine
t A n t rn
Virgen de la leche She w h it ec
d ar c as bo
o r a n ille She w urcia,
scul pt M a rs e y in M isca
ta
Daughte Duparc s parents' s as Franc
r of re hi wn
sculptor no w ne d during is kno
Pedro R she th his
married oldan. S
he where nce wi
the scu Fra
Antonio
.
lptor Lu
is Dupar. me back to he develope
d
She ca where ce of
She wo
rked as in 1745, r the influen an
sculptor camera family iqu e unde n-Baptiste v
for the hn
of Ch a monarch his tec n Jea
rles II s re nchma and
Althoug
h he
and Ph
ilip the F E ur o p e
o un d
fame die
d in pov
had gr
eat L oo.
trave lled ar in Lond
o n.
erty. She ttled
ally she se
eventu

She was
including requeste
d to per
those o form por
f the r t
which be
came ve oyal fam raits,
She died ry famou ily, for
in Óbido s.
s in 1684
, at age
54.
Cordeiro Pascal

minent
She is the most pro
lf of XVII
painter of the second ha Naturaleza muerta
Portuguese. entered the
At s ixteen, she
de Coimbra.
convent of Santa Ana
nt, for
In 1653 he left the conve
g to her
unknown rea sons, returnin
parents. in the
Some of her works are
baç a or
monaste ry of Alco
Lisbon.
Jeronim os Monastery in


Eva Gon
zalès is
She wa an impr
and die s born essionis
d in the in Paris t painte
same ci on Apri r.
In Feb t y on M l 19, 1
ruary ay 5, 18 849
Museum 2008, 83.
opened Frankfu
of Ev a an exhi rt's Sc
G o n z al bition w hirn
Impress es ith the
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women ainters, th r e e
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America ie Bra erthe Morisot
n Mary cquemo French
Cassatt nd an
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Portrait ely in
ticipated activ
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In Madr ciety. at the
a nA rtists So ceramics
the Iberi ht drawi
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of Avila Are cs and g
Institute themati
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to apply a ry 6, 199
On Febru
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Encourag
the path e d by h
is decid
of art i edly un
where he n 1903 dertakes
began de moving
Embark veloping to Madr
on the his true id
already journey vocation
possessi to Paris .
ready to ng a s in 1909,
face all t kill and
and revo hat the techniqu
lutionary city mea e,
. nt then
n ew

omplex.
La creacion de los pajaros
ast and c
work is v tinctive
The painter's work h as a dis
s Varo's style. There
Rem edio ble
ly reco gniza h uma n
figures
and easi tylized
appear s
frequently ymbolic tasks. on g
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performin nctuated
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His paint agery
sc ientific im
interest in

Maternidad

HISTORICAL EVENTS (19th)

The 18th is the century of ROMANTICISM, an important
movement started in Germany and soon spread in all Europe. All
those thinkers reacted to Enlightment and revaluated human
feelings, art as extraordinary creation, religion, nation, love and
freedom. Nationality was the new concept in political ambit, made
own by all social classes in the name of different values.
The word Romanticism was associated to “ liberal “ that, ideologically,
was in contrast at a return of the old monarchy forced by the
Convention of Vienne and the oppressive policy of Metternich.
There were a lot of people coming from middle class, from culture
and army who met in secret sect as the Carboneria and Massoneria .
The protagonists of the Carbonari Movement 1820-21 in
Basilicata, as patriots guided the countrymen with the young middle
class to claim freedom and new agricultural laws .
But those movements were bloody repressed by Austrians and
Borbons .
In the town of Potenza there were important men like Nicola Sole
and the priest Emilio Maffei who lead the movement against
Borbons .Nowadays, squares and streets have their name.


ECONOMY

Basilicata , disadvantaged as regard its conformation and margined for long time , it
was one among the poorest district of the Country . The economy of Basilicata was
based on agriculture but not on valuable product because of the irregular rains and
conformation .


The Comenius team of the project “ Europe –
transition from traditional to modern society” would
like to thank all the teachers and students in the
coordinating and partners‟ schools who have
contributed their skills to producing this book. We
would also like to thank the teachers and students
whose comments and feedback were invaluable in
the production of the book. But above all, thanks
are due in particular to the following teachers and
students for their work, support and patience :

The place of women and men in the 19th century society

1. Teacher : Ene Liliana
2. Students : Costea Roberta, Toma Bogdan,Tomica Alexandra, Dumitru Florin, Oprea Catalin, Gavaneanu
Catalin, Burlacu Bianca

The lifestyle of the low and high classes in the traditional society

1. Teacher: Gavre (Ivan) Iuliana
2. Students : Manciu Oana , Maracineanu Elena, Ciobotaru Adriana, Vlad Mihai, Dima Laurentiu, Raducanu
Gabriela, Tancau Monica, Iordache Cristina, Anica Andreea, Dragomir Costin, Rosu Laurentiu, Dima Stefania,
Constantinescu Ana-Maria ,Serbu Catalin

Art in the traditional society

1. Teacher : Matei Roxana
2. Students : Popescu Teodor, Ciochina Mihai, Dinu Cosmin, Branzea Steluta, Nartea Ana-Maria, Nastase
Georgiana, Cristea Alina, Hirsu Daniel, Ene Laurentiu, Dumitru Silviu, Niculescu Bogdan , Marina Georgian, Eftimie
Andrei, Burducea Cristina, Stoicescu Andreea, Vizitiu Alexandra, Draghici Alexandra, Fratila Madalina, Grajdieru Ionut,
Pislaru Silviu, Puiu Mihai, Stilpeanu Radu, Mititelu Cornel

Historical and economical background

1. Teachers : Gavre Iuliana si Aristotel Doinita
2. Students : Bratosin Bianca, Circiumaru Flavia, Persoiu Madalina, Mihalcea Cristiana, Balaban Andra,
Bragagiu Alexandra, Bujor Cornelia, Grigore Diana, Pruna Marina, Guthy Daniel, Gavriloiu Catalin

Social and family relation in the traditional society

1. Teachers : Gürdal ÖZÇAKIR, Süheyda ALĠġAN, Kenan GENÇ, Birsel KAPAN, Hatice YILMAZ
2. Students : Tuba TUZCUOĞLU, Elif SARAÇ, Berkem KOġMA, Elif Seda AKDEMĠR, Zeynep AZMAN,
Zehra AYDIN , Samet Berk, ABANOZ, Kardelen Deniz KARS, Muhammet YILMAZ, Sinem TÜLEK , Burçak BOZKURT ,
Ahmet F.MAZLUM, Aylin SAĞLAM, Batuhan ERKAN , Gülnur AKGÜN , Tuğba ÇEVĠK ,Damla YĠĞĠT , Betül KURT

The lifestyle of the low and high classes in the traditional and modern society

1. Teachers : Gürdal ÖZÇAKIR, Süheyda ALĠġAN ,Kenan GENÇ, Birsel KAPAN, Hatice YILMAZ
2. Students : Merve ĠNCE,Sinem TÜLEK, Zülal ERBĠL,Ece ALPAGO , Özge ALAOĞLU, Bulçe CEBECĠ,
Gizem ALTINDAġ, Gizem KOCAMAN, Aylin ÇEVĠK, GüneĢ YELETAYġĠ, Osman ARSLAN, Dilek BADEM

Art in the traditional and the modern society

1. Teachers : Gürdal ÖZÇAKIR, Süheyda ALĠġAN ,Kenan GENÇ, Birsel KAPAN, Hatice YILMAZ
2. Students : Ġkbal ÜNLÜ, Yasemin ÇETĠNKAYA, Gizem BĠLĠR, Özlem UYSAL, Hande BODUR, Sinem
TÜLEK, Deniz DAĞISTANLI, Damla AYDEMĠR, Zehra AYDIN

Historical and economical background

1. Teachers : Elif SARAÇ, Özlem UYSAL, Zeynep AZMAN, Oya GÖKALP
2. Students : Sinem TÜLEK, Ġkbal ÜNLÜ, Berkem KOġMA, Tuba TUZCUOĞLU, Hande BODUR

Teachers :
Carmen Aguilar, Jose Luis Montero, Trinidad Jerez

Students :
Juan Carlos Gonzales, Alexandra Gonzales, Juan Rafael
Alcantara, Nazaret Romero , Angeles Alcudia

Europe in 19th century the book

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