1. Lesson 1

2. One of areas below will appear in the exam. We will need
to prepare for ALL areas.
 Gender
 Age
 Ethnicity
 Sexuality
 Class and status
 Physical ability/disability
 Regional identity

3. Your marks for this question are broken down into three
categories.
Explanation/analysis/argument (20 marks)
Use of examples (20 marks)
Use of terminology (10 marks)

4. We will look at two types of representation
1.Representing as Re-presenting
1.Who does the re-presenting? (Richard Dyer
1985)

5.  Mimetic theory of representation
 Reflects reality
 Window to the world
 Transparent
 Unmediated What does this term mean?
What does this term mean?

6. 1. Why are some interpretations (re-
presentations) of the world made over
others?
2. What are the ranges of representation in
Western cultures?

7. 1. How the re-presentations of reality are
never innocent/neutral.
2. How representations are political
3. How they always reflect the producer’s
beliefs and values (those doing the re-
presenting)

8. Predominantly white, middle
aged, middle class men
 Mark Thompson Dir Gen BBC –
2004 (replaced Greg Dyke)
 Adam Crozier – Chief Exec ITV -
2010 (replaced Michael Grade)
 David Abraham – Chief Exec CH4 -
Jan 2010- (replaced Andy Duncan)
 Dawn Airey Chair and Chief Exec
of CH5 sanding down in 2010.

9.  Women still under represented in the audio-
visual industry
 38%
 ‘ethnic minorities’
 7% total audio-visual workforce
Broadcast TV 9.1%
24% cinema cleaners

11.  What is the definition of a stereotype?
A stereotype is a fixed/oversimplified
perspective on an individual.

12. Women are often seen as weak and vulnerable. They
mainly seem to show their emotional side as well as
having relationship problems. Not only this, but they
are generally more often and are quite frequently
portrayed as the ‘dumb blonde’ .

13. Men are often presented as the
overpowering, dominant
character.

14.  Gender
 Femininity
 Masculinity

15.  Dominant males
 Subservient females
 Masculine ‘action’
 Lack of emotion
 ‘Serious’ storylines
 Romance controlled
 Patriarchal ideology
(narrative closure)
 Male heroes

16.  Female interaction
 Males as ‘partners’
 Relationship issues
 Emotive storylines
 Shared feminine
identity
 Narrative openness
 Confirmation of
patriarchial ideology

17.  Female ensemble dramas
 Widows
 Band of Gold
 Sex and the City
 Desperate Housewives
 Fat Friends
 Bad Girls

18.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVaYcM4V

19.  Female friendship
 Issues that effect
women
 Sex/sexuality
 Career women
 Female point of view

20. Representations of Masculinity
in The Sopranos

21.  Created by David
Chase
 HBO 1999-2007
 Frequently hailed the
‘Best ever drama’
 Who has seen it?

23.  Explore the representations of masculinity in The
Sopranos
 How is representations in The Sopranos similar or
different to previous representations of masculinity in
traditional masculine gangster films/ crime dramas?
 How does The Sopranos draw on the conventions of
traditional feminine texts?
 Here is a clip to get you started. Use Youtube to find more if y

24.  The Sopranos can be seen as
drawing on the generic
conventions and history of the
GANGSTER FILM of cinema –such
as The Godfather etc
 Gangster Film
 The Godfather (Coppola 1972)
 Scarface (De Palma 1983)
 Goodfellas (Scorsese 1990)
 Casino (Scorsese 1995)
 Indeed like previous constructions
of masculinity within the gangster
film the mob boss of Tony Soprano
is represented as a violent, macho,
aggressive man

25.  Sopranos follows the
typical representation of
the masculine within the
‘male-centred’ gangster
film but also male crime
series of TV
 Dominant males
 Subservient females
 Physical action
 Lack of emotion
 Romance controlled
 Male heroes

26.  Lack of respect/security
 Shifts to mob fathers way
of being as head of the
‘family’ business
 Shifts to fathers
positioning in relation to
his own personal family
Across his PUBLIC and PRIVATE life Tony feels the MOVEMENT AWAY from
TRADITIONAL RULES and NORMS that govern his life and SECURED his POSITION as
HEAD of both FAMILIES
The old rules of DUTY, HONOUR and RESPECT for those in positions of authority have
eroded at work
The tradition of respecting your FATHER & HUSBAND as BREADWINNER have also been
eroded with women

27. Laura Mulvey

28. Laura Mulvey – Male Gaze
Influenced by Freud & Jacques Lucan,
Mulvey sees the representation of woman
in film & literature (and therefore society in
general) as being dominated by a male
point of view. Her belief is that the world is
a patriarchy and that men have the
‘active’ roles and woman ‘passive’

29.  To look is seen as active
 She believed the camera acted as a male and
everything we see is from a male point of view

30.  Men play active roles
which drive the narrative
 Women play passive
roles and are seen as
erotic objects which slow
the narrative
 Men far outnumber
women
 Female roles are
sidelined
 Lead roles for women
scarce

31.  Bimbo
 Female’s physical
attractions such as
figure and breasts to
overpower the male
 Easy
 House wife
 Mother
 Intelligent yet willing
to settle down
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0J9FdN8oqA

32.  Two distinct modes of the male gaze of this era:
voyeuristic and fetishistic
 Mulvey argued that women where given two
characters types - sexually active female or the
powerless female
 Films presented images of women that were
produced simply for the gratification of male
viewers
 Various studies in the 1970s found men to be
the dominant characters and decision makers in
film and TV production
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfL09c4cw2I

33.  Where women had important roles they
were far more likely to be shown as…
 frightened
 in need of protection and direction
 offering support to the male lead character(s)
 not independent or self driven
 generally weaker
 still objectified sexually
“Women, in any fully human form, have almost
completely been left out of film….”
L Mulvey

34.  As women's roles change in society so does media
representation.
 Women are still objectified but also likely to be…
 Career driven
 Intelligent
 Confident
 Empowered
 Able (violent)
Remember changes may be made cynically and in
order to make money rather than change ideologies
 How many female action stars who are not
attractive?

35. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-czwy-aVbbU

36.  Uma Thurman represented as powerful
and dominant and independent
 Sword stands in for and castrates phallus
 Adopts male characteristics of aggression
 Not masculinised yet in masculine roles
 Use of low angles, and a masculine
performance

37.  The job of seeking revenge family is given to the
female character thus conforming to stereotypes
where women are seen to be possessed with
family and emotional
 Tight outfit allows objectification
 Voyeuristic pleasures by watching Thurman on
her killing rampage
 Remember male director/industry may still
mean male ideologies

38. Vs
Vs
Evidence of the
female gaze?

39. Hatred or dislike to women/females.

40.  Gene Hunt (TV
Detective from
Life on Mars,
set in 1970’s
Britain) talking
about politics:
'THERE WILL NEVER BE A WOMAN PRIME MINISTER AS LONG AS I
HAVE A HOLE UP MY A**E.'

43.  How would you define the term misogyny based on what you have just
seen?
Negative conception towards women. Women can
portray Misogyny. Feminism and Misogyny
coincide each other.
 Can you think of any other examples of misogyny that you may have seen
in any media text or simply experienced in everyday life?
 Misogyny – the contempt or hatred of women and girls

44.  Find examples of both male and female characters in
TV Dramas that follow stereotypes and ones that
challenge stereotypes. Using images to support and
discuss how they have been represented through
clothing, location, narrative, dialogue, camera angle etc.
 Present this in your blog, on a powerpoint or in a short
movie like the bond example you saw.
 Link you answers to Mulvey’s Theory