The term of Former President Ferdinand E. Marcos

2. FERDINAND EMANUEL EDRALIN
MARCOS SR.
• 10th President
of the Republic
of the
Philippines
• In office
December 30,
1965 –
February 25,
1986

3. THE EARLY YEARS
President Marcos, faced with the challenge of
corruption in the government, reorganized the
Armed Forces, the Philippine Constabulary, and
the Bureau of Internal Revenue. In an attempt to
solve the problem of technical smuggling, the
Bureau of Customs was also reorganized. The
administration, with a goal to strengthen the local
economy, devised construction programs and
irrigation projects. The promotion of Philippine
heritage, culture, and arts was achieved through
the establishment of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) in 1969.

4. Under the Marcos administration,
the country hosted the Manila
Summit in 1966. The conference
aimed to resolve the Vietnam War,
and sought the restoration of
peace and the promotion of
economic stability and
development throughout the Asia-
Pacific region.

5. Among the laws approved by
President Marcos were: Republic
Act No. 5186 or the Investments
Incentives Act; Republic Act No.
4864 or the Police Act of 1966;
and Republic Act No. 5173, which
established the Philippine Coast
Guard.

6. President Marcos won his re-election
bid in the 1969 presidential elections
against Liberal Party’s Sergio Osmeña
Jr. President Marcos gained 5,017,343
votes or 61.47% of the electorate to
become only the second Philippine
president in history to win reelection
and the first to do so in the Third
Republic.

7. PLAZA MIRANDA
BOMBING
The Liberal Party's campaign rally was held to proclaim the
candidacies of eight Senatorial bets as well as the candidate
for the Mayoralty race in Manila. As a crowd of about 4,000
gathered to hear speeches, two hand grenades were
reportedly tossed on stage. Among those killed instantly
were a 5-year-old child and The Manila Times photographer
Ben Roxas. Almost everyone on stage was injured, including
incumbent Senator Jovito Salonga, Senator Eddie Ilarde,
Senator Eva Estrada-Kalaw, Liberal Party president Gerardo
Roxas, Sergio Osmeña, Jr., son of former President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, Sergio Osmeña, Atty.
Martin B. Isidro Councilor, Vice Mayor and Congressman for
the City of Manila, and Ramon Bagatsing, the party's Mayoral
Candidate for the City of Manila.

8. PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING
The Sequence showed the events that took place during the campaign rally at
Plaza Miranda

9. 1081
Citing an intensifying Communist insurgency, a series of
bombings, and the controversial assassination attempt on
then-Defense Minister (now Senator) Juan Ponce Enrile,
President Marcos enacted the Proclamation which enabled
him to rule by military power.
He initially signed the Proclamation on 17 September 1972,
but it was postdated to 21 September because of his
superstitions and numerological beliefs that were related to
the number seven. Marcos formally announced the
Proclamation in a live television and radio broadcast from
Malacañang Palace a further two days later on the evening of
23 September 1972.

10. THE ASSASSINATION
OF NINOY AQUINO
The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr., former
Philippine Senator, took place on Sunday, August
21, 1983 at Manila International Airport. Aquino,
also a longtime political opponent of President of
the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos, had just landed
in his home country after a 3-year self-imposed
exile in the United States when he was shot in the
head while being escorted from an aircraft to a
vehicle that was waiting to transport him to prison.
Also killed was Rolando Galman, who was later
implicated in Aquino's murder.

11. THE AGRAVA COMMISSION
On October 14, 1983, President Marcos
issued Presidential Decree No. 1886,
creating an independent board of
inquiry, called the "Agrava Commission"
or "Agrava Board". The board was
composed of former Court of Appeals
Justice Corazon J. Agrava as
chairwoman, with lawyer Luciano E.
Salazar, businessman Dante G. Santos,
labor leader Ernesto F. Herrera, and
educator Amado C. Dizon.

12. The Agrava Fact-Finding Board convened
on November 3, 1983. Before it could start
its work President Marcos accused the
Communists of the killing of Senator
Aquino: The decision to eliminate the
former Senator, Marcos claimed, was made
by none other than the general-secretary of
the Philippine Communist Party, Rodolfo
Salas. He was referring to his earlier claim
that Aquino had befriended and
subsequently betrayed his Communist
comrades.

13. 1986 SNAP ELECTION
After being dared by an American journalist,
President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared a snap
election during an interview on the American
Broadcasting Company political affairs
programme, This Week with David Brinkley in
November 1985. On 3 December, the Batasang
Pambansa passed a law setting the date of the
election on 7 February 1986. On 4 February 1986,
Marcos declared 6 and 7 February as nationwide
non-working special public holidays to "give all
registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise
their right of suffrage

14. THE COMELEC 35
On February 9 of 1986, “thirty-five
tabulators/computer workers, officially
composed of 30 women and 5 men
manning the Comelec’s quick count
computer terminals walked out of the PICC
Plenary Hall in protest of what they said
was the cheating they were being made
party to” (Alex Baluyut) referring to the
tabulation results of the 1986 Philippine
Presidential Snap Election.

15. EDSA PEOPLE POWER
February 25, 1986 marked a significant
national event that has been engraved in
the hearts and minds of every Filipino. This
part of Philippine history gives us a strong
sense of pride especially that other nations
had attempted to emulate what we have
shown the world of the true power of
democracy. The true empowerment of
democracy was exhibited in EDSA by its
successful efforts to oust a tyrant by a
demonstration without tolerance for
violence and bloodshed.

16. Prayers and rosaries strengthened by faith were
the only weapons that the Filipinos used to recover
their freedom from President Ferdinand Marcos’s
iron hands. The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
(EDSA) stretches 54 kilometers, where the
peaceful demonstration was held on that fateful
day. It was a day that gathered all Filipinos in unity
with courage and faith to prevail democracy in the
country. It was the power of the people, who
assembled in EDSA, that restored the democratic
Philippines, ending the oppressive Marcos regime.
Hence, it came to be known as the EDSA People
Power’s Revolution.

17. THE REFORM THE ARMED
FORCES MOVEMENT (RAM)
• RAM was founded by a group of junior military officers
who were disgruntled by the patronage politics and
corruption in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1980.
The RAM officers, most of whom were graduates of the
Philippine Military Academy Classes of 1971, 1972, and
1978, developed their careers during the Martial Law Years
(September 21, 1972 to January 17, 1981).
• RAM was placed under the leadership of the Ministry of
National Defense security and intelligence force, then
commanded by then Army Colonel Gregorio Honasan,
who was also then the chief security officer of then
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, who gave the
blessing in forming the organization because Enrile too,
also wants reforms in the military.

18. ON THE WAY TO CAMP CRAME
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Colonel Gringo Honasan marched to
Camp Crame

19. MARCOS ESCAPES TO
HAWAII
In 1986, Marcos defrauded the electorate in
a presidential election, declaring himself
the victor over Corazon Aquino, the wife of
an assassinated rival. Aquino also declared
herself the rightful winner, and the public
rallied behind her. Deserted by his former
supporters, Marcos and his wife, Imelda,
fled to Hawaii in exile, where they faced
investigation on embezzlement charges.

20. THE DEATH OF MARCOS
In his dying days, Marcos was visited by Vice President
Salvador Laurel. During the meeting with Salvador Laurel,
Marcos offered 90% of his possessions back to the Filipino
people in exchange for being buried back in the Philippines
beside his mother, an offer also disclosed to Enrique Zobel.
However, Marcos' offer was rebuffed by the Aquino
government.
Marcos died in Honolulu on the morning of September 28,
1989, of kidney, heart, and lung ailments. Marcos was
interred in a private mausoleum at Byodo-In Temple on the
island of Oahu where his remains were visited daily by the
Marcos family, political allies and friends.

21. A HERO’S BURIAL AT
LIBINGAN NG MGA BAYANI
Almost 30 years after his death, Philippine
dictator Ferdinand Marcos is getting a
hero’s burial. In a Nov. 8 ruling, the
Supreme Court supported president
Rodrigo Duterte’s resolve to honor the
country’s original strongman leader by
giving him a spot in the Libingan ng mga
Bayani (Cemetery of the Heroes) in Manila.
Duterte’s administration confirmed that the
state burial will be scheduled before the
end of the year.

22. 5 MAIN REASONS
1. There was no grave abuse of discretion on the part of
President Rodrigo Duterte in ordering the burial of
Marcos at LNMB because it was done in the exercise of
his mandate. There is also no law that prohibits the burial
of Marcos' remains at the LNMB
2. President Duterte has the power to reserve for public
use and for specific public purposes, any of the lands
under public domain.
3. Marcos' remains, under regulations of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, can be interred at LNMB
because he was a former president, commander-in-chief,
soldier, medal of valor awardee, and legislator.
4. The Supreme Court disagreed Marcos was
"dishonorably discharged," saying the disqualification
only pertains to the military
5. Marcos cannot be disqualified from burial at LNMB
because he was not convicted of crimes involving moral
turpitude.