1. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs Drug Statistics, Facts & Consequences

3. Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committees November 13, 2008 “ Not prescribed for you” OR “You took the drug only for the experience or feeling it caused” (excludes Over-the-Counter medicine) 1. What is the meaning of Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs (Rx)?

4. http://www.theantidrug.com/pdfs/prescription_report.pdf Where do nonmedical users get pain reliever prescription drugs?

5. Stimulants Sedatives 4.7 million 0.3 million Narcotic Pain Relievers Anti-Anxiety Medication 1.1 million SOURCE: 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), published Sept 2005 by Dept of HHS / Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 1.8 million In 2005, 6.4 million Americans Age 12+ used a Rx for nonmedical purposes in past month Which prescription drugs are being abused? Depressants Stimulants http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rlz=1G1GGLQ_ENUS310&q=In+2005%2C+6.4+million+Americans+Age+12%2B+used+a+prescription+drug+for+nonmedical+purposes+in+past+month&btnG=Search&aq=f&oq=&aqi =

6. SOURCE: 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) published Sept 2005 by the Dept of HHS / Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Nonmedical use of prescription drugs ranks 2 nd only to marijuana as the most prevalent category of drug abuse. Depressants Stimulants http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/pain/pain.cfm

8. FROM SCHOLASTIC AND THE SCIENTISTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

9. Stimulant Medication

10. Amphetamines, Methamphetamines Amphetamine Congeners & Diet Pills Intended Use: Narcolepsy, Obesity, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Milder stimulants to lose weight. Nonmedical use: Surge of pleasure, rush or flash, burst of energy, to stay awake, Anorexia, Euphoric Effect Physical effects : include increased blood pressure, heart rate and pulse rates, insomnia, loss of appetite, and physical exhaustion. Drugs causing similar effects cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, khat http://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.com/drugs/amphetamines.html?v=0&t=0&p=1&f=0&df=0&dt=0 http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/prescription4.html#HowDo 3. Prescription Drug: STIMULANTS

12. Signs of Abuse Nervousness, insomnia, over confident, aggressive, paranoid, loss of appetite, violent, euphoria, increased blood pressure. Signs of Withdrawal Apathy, long periods of sleep, irritability, depression, disorientation. Signs of an Overdose Agitation, increased body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, apathy, long periods of sleep, depression, disorientation & possible death. Signs of Long-term Use Heart disease, mental imbalances, paranoid, aggressive, twitching, malnutrition, dehydration & psychotic, deplete energy sources & severe depression. Prescription Drug STIMULANTS http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/abuse/chart.htm

13. Prescription Drug STIMULANTS How Stimulants can Kill: 1-Brain damage Increased blood pressure increases the risk of a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Narrowing of blood vessels reduces blood flow around the brain. 2- Heart attack Increased oxygen demand by the heart (because of increased motor activity) accompanied by reduced blood supply (narrowing of blood vessels) can lead to heart attack. 3- Overheating One function of dopamine is to regulate body temperature. Altering dopamine levels with stimulants can affect the body's ability to cool itself. Combined with increased motor activity, this can lead to a dangerous increase in body temperature, resulting in organ failure and death. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/overdose.html

14. 2008 DATA Rates of Emergency Department visits, by drug, type of use and age- ADHD Stimulant Medicine

15. ADHD Stimulant Medicine- Adderall ® and Ritalin ® While students feel smarter and more intelligent, the use of stimulants doesn't make them "smarter" or "better", it just makes their body's organs worker harder and can actually lead to the inability to concentrate or think clearly for any length of time. See Adderall Misuse on College Campuses

16. Cocaine - Slangs: Coke, Blow, Toot, Snow, Nose, Big C, Methamphetamine- See next slide Methyldioxymethamphetamine- MDA,MDMA Slangs: Ecstasy, rave, love drug, XTC, Adam *No one other drug is quite like MDMA, but MDMA produces both amphetamine-like stimulation and mild mescaline-like hallucinations. *tweaking- severe paranoid, hallucinatory, hyper vigilant thinking, & greater suicidal depression Illegal Comparisons and/or Not considered legitimate for medical use: STIMULANTS Ecstasy http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms/ByType.asp?intTypeID=3 http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/appb.htm Cocaine Crack Cocaine Paraphernalia Crack Pipe

19. Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/cross-tolerance Tolerance- Decrease in susceptibility to the effects of a drug due to its continued administration. (An increase in the amount of drug is necessary to get a similar high… the original “high” is almost impossible to feel again.) Cross-tolerance- Tolerance or resistance to a drug that develops through continued use of another drug with similar pharmacological compound. These factors increase the health risk when using drugs.

20. Depressant Medication

21. Sedative-Hypnotics & Narcotics/Opioids Similarities- Slowed breathing, high potential for tolerance & dependence (addiction). ** Alcohol is a depressant and illegal for people under the age of 21 in the United States. http://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.com/drugs/narcotics.html?v=0&t=0&p=2&f=0&df=0&dt=0 4. Prescription Drug Depressants

24. Signs of Abuse- Slurred speech, disorientation, drunken behavior without odor of alcohol, impaired memory of events, interacts with alcohol. Signs of Withdrawal- Headaches, tremors, muscles twitching, nausea and vomiting, anxiety, restlessness, yawing, inability to focus, sleep disturbance, dizziness, delirium, convulsions, possible death. Can be fatal and should be medically supervised. Signs of an Overdose- Shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse, coma, possible death. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/abuse/chart.htm 4. Prescription Drug Depressants- Sedative/Hypnotics

28. Lifetime Nonmedical Use of Selected Pain Relievers, Age 12 or Older: 2007 Percent Using in Lifetime Hydrocodone Oxycodone Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committees November 13, 2008 Propoxyphene (Darvocet and Darvon) Oxycodone Hydrocodone Ultram ® Methadone Morphine Demerol ® OxyContin ® Codeine Hydrocodone Percocet ® , Percodan ® , or Tylox ® Darvocet ® , Darvon ® , or Tylenol ® with Codeine Vicodin ® , Lortab ® , or Lorcet ®

29. Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA Anesthetic and Life Support Drugs and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committees, November 13, 2008 Nonmedical Use of Pain Relievers in Past Year among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Sub state Region: Percentages, Annual Averages Based on 2004-2006

31. http://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.com/drugs/narcotics.html?v=0&t=0&p=2&f=0&df=0&dt=0 Prescription Drug Depressants- Narcotic/Opioids Signs of Abuse Pinpoint pupils, sluggishness, shallow breathing and suppressed cough, slow pulse, low blood pressure, constipations, dryness of mouth, euphoria, numbness, slurred speech, sunken eyes. Signs of Withdrawal Flu-like symptoms, muscle cramps, dilated pupils, coughing, high blood pressure, rapid pulse, diarrhea, sweating, runny nose, anxiety, severe depression, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, panic and vomiting. Symptoms are unpleasant and uncomfortable but rarely dangerous. Signs of an Overdose Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death. A single dose can be lethal to an inexperienced user.

32. Prescription Drug Depressants- Narcotic/Opioids Tolerance Develops physical tolerance rapidly when the drugs are repeatedly administered and psychological tolerance is exhibit later at a slower rate. This tolerance results in the individual’s using doses that would kill a nontolerant person. Cross-Tolerance Occurs between natural and synthetic opioids but there is no cross-tolerance to CNS depressants (sedative/hypnotics) . Signs of Long-term Use Severe constipation, women’s period delayed, sexual desire dulled. Heavier users- eyelids droop and the head nods forward, coordinating slowed. High tolerance and addiction .

33. Taking a large single dose could cause severe respiratory depression or death. Typically, opioids should not be taken with alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines. These other substances also suppress breathing and their effects in combination with opioids could lead to life-threatening respiratory depression. *There is always the possibility of a lethal reaction to any drug. How can one OxyContin pill kill you? http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/prescription8.html http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/PainMed.html http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/PainMed.html

34. Under normal conditions , excitatory and inhibitory s ignals are in balance , resulting in controlled, regular breathing. Excitatory signal Inhibitory signal Heroin increases the inhibitory effects of GABA. ( Increases the calming effect.) Alcohol decreases the excitatory effects of glutamate Under the influence of alcohol or opioids , excitatory and inhibitory signals are out of balance , suppressing the impulse to breath http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html A combination of heroin and alcohol can be especially dangerous. Opioids and alcohol both suppress breathing, but by different mechanisms . Many of the drugs being abused affect either glutamate or GABA or both to exert tranquilizing or stimulating effects on the brain. (gamma-amino butyric acid) Neurotransmitters brain's major "workhorse"

36. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics, unintentional overdose deaths* involving prescription opioids increased 114 percent from 2001 (3,994) to 2005 (8,541), the most recent nationwide data available. Narcotic Prescription Drugs Only -Unintentional Overdose Deaths *Does not include people prescribed drugs who died nor intentional overdoses (suicides). http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs33/33775/execsum.htm#Figure1

37. Over-the-Counter Medicine

40. 7. What is the Reality of Prescription Drug Misuse?

41. The reality is that brothers, grandparents, friends, moms, uncles… are dying everyday due to misuse of prescription drugs. In 2009, Florida’s Medical Commission reported prescription drugs such as oxycodone, Xanax and Valium were present in 79 percent of the 8,653 drug-related deaths. Don’t regret ignoring the problem.

42. Josh’s doctors were aware of his addiction problem and continued to prescribed him narcotic drugs. At the age of 22, Josh was prescribed OxyContin after a back injury. He got hooked and overdosed three times, before a he took a combination of three prescribed drugs that killed him -one day before his 25th birthday.

43. On August 18th, 2006, Emily, only eighteen years of age and three days from her first day in college, was killed accidentally when she consumed OxyContin that had been prescribed for a relative. Emily was not an experienced drug user, and all it took was one encounter with this drug. She had no chance to learn from this one-time experience . Had she any idea how deadly this drug was, she would still be alive.

44. Patrick Stewart died on July 9, 2004 at 24 years of age after ingesting just one OxyContin ® . He had no other drugs in his system and only a small amount of alcohol. He was a SDSU graduate, a graphic designer and a certified personal trainer. His friends described Patrick as "the one who puts you back on your bicycle after you fall off". He made the tragic mistake of believing someone at a 4th of July celebration when he was told that OxyContin was " sort of like a muscle relaxant, that it was prescription and FDA approved, so therefore safe". Close friends say that Patrick had never before taken an OxyContin , did not know it was equivalent to "heroin in a pill".

45. Robby L. Garvin 24 years old Died 6-11-2006 Death caused by Methadone toxicity. Robby died 40 hours after he took his first dose of this drug that was prescribed to him for pain. Robby was never informed by the prescribing doctor or the pharmacy that filled this prescription of the dangers and possible death that Methadone may cause.

46. If you suspect someone is abusing and/or addicted to drugs be proactive and persistent… addicts tend to lie and be dishonest as a means of continuing their habit, and as a defense mechanism. They are often even lying to themselves that they have a problem. Seek Professional and Medical advice. Don’t regret ignoring the problem. For additional information on prescription drug abuse, addiction, support groups, and recovery please visit www.StopRxDrugAbuse.org